Block I Presentacion 1 NPA Flashcards
1
Q
General function of PNS
A
Conduct impulses to or away
from the CNS
2
Q
General function of CNS
A
- Integrate & coordinate incoming and outgoing neural signals
- Carry higher mental functions
3
Q
Divisions of PNS
A
autonomic and Somatic
4
Q
General function of Somatic system
A
Sensory information to the CNS
5
Q
What are the divisions of the Autonomic system?
A
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric
6
Q
Explain the weight of the CNS throughout life
A
Weights ~ 400 g at birth, but by the end of the first 3 years of life, this weights triples, primarily due to the addition of myelin and growth of neuronal process
- The adult brain weights ~ 1,400 g, ~2% of body weigh
7
Q
Where is the gray matter located in the brain?
A
The gray matter is found in the cortical layer (cortex) on the surface of the forebrain and cerebellum
8
Q
What is the gray matter composed of?
A
The gray matter of cerebral cortex is composed of neuron cell bodies of variable sizes and shapes intermixed with myelinated and unmyelinated fibers.
9
Q
In what structures can we find gray matter?
A
forebrain, basal ganglia and limbic system
10
Q
What is the function of the enteric system?
A
neural plexus, involved in controlling peristalsis and gastrointestinal secretions
11
Q
Mentions some of the functional units of the brain
A
White matter
Nuclei/ganglion
Tracts
Nerve
Commissure
12
Q
Why does the brain float?
A
Buoyancy due to CSF liquid
13
Q
What is the contents of the white matter?
A
Nerve axons
14
Q
What are nuclei?
A
a collection of of nerve cell bodies within the CNS
15
Q
What are ganglion?
A
collection of of nerve cell bodies within the PNS
16
Q
What is a tract?
A
a bundle of axons traveling from one area to another within the CNS.
17
Q
What is a nerve?
A
A bundle of axons traveling from one are to another within the PNS
18
Q
How are horizontal connections called?
A
commissures
19
Q
Type of neuron
A
Pyramidal
20
Q
name structure
A
astrocytes
21
Q
What are some types of glial cells?
A
astrocytes, microgial, oligodendrocytes
22
Q
Which structure form myelin?
A
astrocytes
23
Q
What are some roles of astrocytes?
A
BBB & homeostasis
24
Q
Identify structure
A
Oligodendrocytes
25
Identify structure
Astrocytes (protoplasmic)
26
Identify structure
Astrocytes (fibrous)
27
Identify structure
Microglia
28
Mention a function of oligodendrocytes?
myelin production (eg Schwan cells)
29
Mention a function of microglia?
support cell, immune system
30
Which cells are present in CNS?
Protoplasmic/fibrous astrocyte
Oligodendrocyte
31
Which cells are present in PNS?
In the PNS, neuroglia include satellite
cells around the neurons in the spinal
(posterior root) and autonomic ganglia
and Schwann (neurolemma) cells
32
What are some functions of neuroglial (glial cells or glia)?
* Supporting and nourishing the neurons
* Not essential for processing information
* Separate and/or insulate neurons
* Some glial removes debris after injury or neuronal death
* Buffers the K+ ion concentration in the extracellular space
* During development, some cells guide migration of neurons and direct the outgrowth of axons
* Some forms tight junctions with endothelial cells – Blood Brain Barrier
* Some cells have nutritive functions for nerve cells
33
What does the longitudinal fissure do?
separates the two hemispheres of the brain
34
What does the central sulcus of roland do?
separates the frontal and parietal lobes
35
What deos the lateral or sylvian fissure do?
separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and the parietal lobes
36
What does the parietoccipital fissure do?
visible on the medial surface of the brain, separates the occipital lobe from the parietal
lobe
37
Identify the structures
38
Identify the structures
6. telencephalon (cerebral hemisphere & deep structures) ( [forebrain]
5. Diencephalon (Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus & subthalamus) [forebrain]
4. midbrain
3. Metencephalon (Pons & cerebellum) [hindbrain]
2. medulla [hindbrain]
1. Spinal cord
39
What is the function of the precentral gyrus?
Primary motor cortex of contralateral
voluntary movements
40
What is the function of the postcentral gyrus?
Primary somatic sensory cortex
(kinesthetic and tactile)
41
What does the central sulcus of rolando divide?
Divides the precentral gurys from the postcentral gyrus
42
What is the hommunculus?
Cortical representation of how neurons are somatotopically organized and associated both, functionally and anatomically, with specific body parts.
43
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
Emotional control center and home to personality and decision making
44
What is the primary motor cortex?
descending cell bodies to the spinal cord that control voluntary movements (pre-central gyrus)
45
What is the premotor cortex?
regulates voluntary motor activity or behavior
46
what is broca's area?
production of written and spoken language, primarily in the dominant (typically left)
47
what are the Prefrontal association areas?
emotion, motivation, personality, initiative, judgment, ability to concentrate, and social inhibitions
48
What is the pre-frontal cortex?
processing intellectual and emotional events
49
What is the role of the parietal lobe?
Important in regulating somatosensory, language and spatial orientation functions.
-process linguistic information
* Involved with other parts of the brain, such as the amygdala, to mediate the emotional response to language
50
What is the function of the somatosensory cortex?
process tactile and pain information form parts of the body.
51
What is the primary somatosensory cortex?
postcentral gyrus
52
What is the function of angular gyrus?
Processing the meaning and semantics of words
53
What is the function of supramarginal gyrus?
involve in determining their sound
54
In what is the parietal lobe primarily involved?
Primarily involved in initial cortical processing and perception of touch, pain and limb
position on both the lateral and medial
aspects of the parietal lobe. It is also involved in complex aspects of spatial orientation and
perception, including self-perception
55
What is the temporal lobe important for?
Important for processing auditory information (Primary auditory cortex), language, and certain complex functions.
56
Function of superior temporal gyrus
process and interpret what we hear
57
Function of middle and inferior gyrus
complex visual functions
58
Function of anterior medial gyrus
involved in complex aspects of learning, memory and emotion
59
What do lesions in auditory cortex lead to?
difficulty in interpret or localize a sound in space, do not cause deafness
60
What is the occipital lobe important for?
Primarily involved in processing visual information. Visual association areas surround it and mediate the ability to see and recognize objects
61
What does a lesion of the primary visual cortex lead to?
loss of visual input from the contralateral half of the visual field
62
What is the insula and function?
(Island of reil) A portion of neocortex covered by portions of frontal, parietal and temporal lobes.
Insular cortex receives nociceptive and
viscerosensory input.
63
Of what does the insula consists?
Short gyri and long gyri
64
What do spontaneous lesions in the insula lead to?
decrease or complete loss of the desire to continue addictive behaviors
65
what is the limbic lobe?
A ring of cortex in the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes that contributes to “this” lobe, however, it is NOT a true lobe
66
What is the limbic lobe composed of?
* Cingulate gyrus
* Parahippocampal gyrus
* Uncus
* Subcallosal area
67
What is the function of the limbic lobe?
linked to circuits that modulates memory, learning and behavior
68
What are limbic structures and function?
* Amygdala
* Hippocampus
* Stria terminalis
Interconnected and interacting structures that modulate emotional behaviors and play a role in learning and memory.
69
What are the basal ganglia?
1. Caudate nucleus
2. Lenticular nuclei
a. Putamen
b. Globus pallidus
70
What are the functions of the basal ganglia?
Procedural learning relating to routine behaviors or "habits," eye movements, and cognitive, emotional functions
* Play a central role in a number of
neurological conditions such as:
* Parkinson
* Obsessive Compulsive Behavior (OCD)
71
What are some structures involved in the brain reward pathway?
* Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
* Nucleus accumbens
* Prefrontal cortex
* Amygdala
(modulated by hypothalamus)
72
by what is the diencephalon bound?
anteriorly by Anterior commissure and posteriorly by posterior commissure
73
What is the role of the hypothalamus?
It plays a role in coordinating and integrating endocrine, autonomic and homeostatic functions. It regulates temperature, endocrine functions, feeding, drinking, emotional & sexual behaviors
74
The thalamus is also knows as?
The gatekeeper of the cortex
75
What is the function of the thalamus?
A critical “station” that process all sensory information (except for olfaction) on its way to the cortex.
It is also involved in:
* processing motor information
* integrating higher order cognitive and emotional information
* regulating cortical activity
76
What does the brainstem provide?
provides the conduit by which all ascending and descending information travel to the brain from the spinal cord and viceversa
77
What are the ventricles?
The ventricles are cavities within each hemisphere that contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
78
Why is CFS important?
is an important source of electrolytes, but it also protects, supports the brain as well as serve as a conduit for neuroactive and metabolic products
79
Mention the ventricles
Lateral ventricles, Third ventricle, Fourth ventricle
80
Identify structures?
81
The spinal cord is a continuation of what structure?
medulla oblongata
82
What does transection of the spinal cord result in?
loss of all sensation and voluntary movement inferior to the lesion
83
What does transection of C1-C3 result in?
no function below head level; a ventilator is
required to maintain respiration
84
What does transection of C4-C5 result in?
quadriplegia (no function of upper and lower
limbs); respiration occurs
85
What does transection of C6-C8 result in?
loss of lower limb function combined with a loss of hand and a variable amount of upper limb function; the individual may be able to self-feed or propel a wheelchair.
86
What does transection of T1-T9 result in?
paraplegia (paralysis of both lower limbs); the
amount of trunk control varies with the height of the lesion
87
What does transection of T10-L1 result in?
some thigh muscle function, which may allow
walking with long leg braces
88
What does transection of L2-L3 result in?
retention of most leg muscle function; short leg braces may be required for walking
89
What are the XII cranial nerves
I -Olfactory
II -Optic
III -Oculomotor
IV -Trochlear
V -Trigeminal
VI -Abducens
VII -Facial
VIII -Vestibulocochlear
IX -Glossopharyngeal
X -Vagus
XI -Accessory
XII -Hypoglossal
90
Identify structures
91
