Block B Part 1: Innate Immune Cells, Cytokine Families and Routes of Infection Flashcards
What are the 3 phases of an immune response to a pathogen?
Recognition of pathogen
Mounting a reaction against pathogen
Resolution of immune response (attack against the pathogen)
(Lecture 1, Slide 3)
What 3 cells do lymphoid progenitors differentiate into?
T cells, B cells and natural killer cells
(Lecture 1, Slide 4)
What 2 cells do myeloid progenitors directly differentiate into?
Mast cells and myeloblasts
(Lecture 1, Slide 4)
What 4 cells do myeloblasts directly differentiate into?
Monocytes, eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils
(Lecture 1, Slide 4)
What 2 cells do monocytes directly differentiate into?
Dendritic cells and macrophages
(Lecture 1, Slide 4)
Are dendritic cells professional antigen presenting cells?
Yes
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)
How do immature dendritic cells become mature?
They enter tissues and mature after encountering a pathogen
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)
What do dendritic cells enforce?
Immune tolerance
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)
How do dendritic cells enforce immune tolerence?
They can silence self-reacting T cells
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)
What do dendritic cells orchestrate?
Antigen specific T-cell differentiation
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)
Are macrophages professional phagocytes?
Yes
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)
What do macrophages initiate through cytokine release?
Inflammation
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)
What do macrophage populations have based on tissue location?
Heterogeneity
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)
What does heterogeneity mean?
Diversity
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)
What 2 things do macrophages produce?
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) (such as nitric oxide and superoxide) and defensins (antimicrobial peptides)
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)
What are the first white blood cells recruited to the site of inflammation?
Neutrophils
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)
What 3 cells are considered to be granulocytes?
Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)
What are granulocytes?
White blood cells characterised by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)
What do neutrophils form through degranulation?
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)
What are neutrophils a major constituent of?
Pus
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)
Are natural killer cells group 1, 2 or 3 Innate Lymphocyte Cells (ILC)?
Group 1
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)
What is a group 1 Innate Lymphocyte Cell (ILC)?
Similar to helper cells and help fending off intracellular pathogens, such as viruses and they produce interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)
What are the 3 functions of natural killer cells?
They kill virally infected cells
They have a role in detecting early signs of cancer
They are able to enhance the immune response by secreting cytokines
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)
What are eosinophils primarily responsible for attacking?
Larger parasites
(Lecture 1, Slide 8)
What 2 things are basophils involved in?
Anti-parasite immunity and allergy response
(Lecture 1, Slide 8)
What 2 things do basophils release?
Histamine and IL-4
(Lecture 1, Slide 8)
What do cytokines mediate?
The effector functions of the immune system
(Lecture 2, Slide 3)
What 3 features of an immune response do cytokines regulate?
The type, intensity and duration of the immune response
(Lecture 2, Slide 3)
What are 2 ways that cytokines can be secreted?
Stimulation of the innate immune system or by T and B cells
(Lecture 2, Slide 3)
What 3 aspects of a target cell can cytokines mediate?
Activation, proliferation and differentiation of target cells
(Lecture 2, Slide 3)
What are the 6 cytokine families?
Class 1 (hematopoietin)
Class 2 (interferon)
Tumour Necrosis Factor
Interleukin 1
Interleukin 17
Chemokines
(Lecture 2, Slide 4)
What 2 things are Class 2 (interferon) cytokines important for?
Antiviral responses and to modulate the immune response
(Lecture 2, Slide 5)
Is tumour necrosis factor soluble or membrane-bound?
It’s both
(Lecture 2, Slide 5)
What 3 things is tumour necrosis factor involved in?
Immune system development, effector function and homeostasis
(Lecture 2, Slide 5)
What does the interleukin 1 class of cytokines include?
Important inflammatory mediators
(Lecture 2, Slide 5)`
What is the function of the interleukin 17 class of cytokines?
Promote neutrophil accumulation and activation
(Lecture 2, Slide 5)
What is the function of the chemokine class of cytokines?
They are Chemoattractants
(Lecture 2, Slide 5)
What 3 ways can cytokines act in?
Autocrine
Paracrine
Endocrine
(Lecture 2, Slide 6)
What is autocrine action?
A cytokine acting on the cell that produced it
(Lecture 2, Slide 6)
What is autocrine action used for?
To help regulate the cell’s own function or stimulate it’s own activity
(Lecture 2, Slide 6)
What is paracrine action?
When a cytokine produced by one cell affects a nearby cell
(Lecture 2, Slide 6)
What is paracrine action used for?
Local immune responses where cells nearby need to co-ordinate their efforts to deal with a problem
(Lecture 2, Slide 6)
What is endocrine action?
When a cytokine produced by one cell affects a distant cell
(Lecture 2, Slide 6)
Some cytokines are pleiotropic - what does this mean?
They have different biological effects on different cell targets
(Lecture 2, Slide 7)
How can cytokines be redundant?
Different cytokines can have the same effect
(Lecture 2, Slide 8)
How can cytokines synergize with each other?
The combined effects of some cytokines can outweigh the effect of just 1
(Lecture 2, Slide 9)
How can cytokines antagonize each other?
The effect of one cytokine can be blocked by another
(Lecture 2, Slide 9)
What are 3 routes of transmission of a disease?
Person-to-person
Orally - through contaminated food or water
Vector-borne - through insects and spores
(Lecture 3, Slide 3)
What are 3 sub-methods of transmission in person-to-person transmission?
Contaminated blood and body fluids
Sexual transmission
Vertical transmission
(Lecture 3, Slide 3)
What are 2 ways diseases transferred through blood?
Blood transfusion and contaminated needles
(Lecture 3, Slide 4)
How are diseases transmitted through bodily fluids?
Sexually
(Lecture 3, Slide 4)
How are diseases transmitted through saliva and mucous?
Sneezing and coughing
(Lecture 3, Slide 4)
What is vertical transmission?
When a disease is directly transmitted from a parent to an offspring
(Lecture 3, Slide 5)
What are 4 types of vertical transmission?
Prenatal
Perinatal
Postnatal
Germline
(Lecture 3, Slide 5)
What is the route of infection of prenatal vertical transmission?
The placenta
(Lecture 3, Slide 5)
What is the route of infection of perinatal vertical transmission?
Infected birth canal
(Lecture 3, Slide 5)
What is the route of infection of postnatal vertical transmission?
Milk or direct contact with blood at delivery
(Lecture 3, Slide 5)
What is the route of infection of germline vertical transmission?
Viral DNA sequences in the human genome
(Lecture 3, Slide 5)
What are 2 routes of infection of oral infection?
Faecal shed into drinking water
Contamination of food products directly or in the preparation process
(Lecture 3, Slide 6)
What are the 3 most prominent animals in vector transmission and why?
Insects, ticks and mites as they are blood suckers
(Lecture 3, Slide 7)
What are “zoonoses”?
Any infection transmitted from infected animals to humans, directly or indirectly
(Lecture 3, Slide 8)
