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BM325 > BLOCK A Pathogen Recognition > Flashcards

BLOCK A Pathogen Recognition Flashcards

1
Q

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

A

Receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by germline-encoded receptors of the innate immune system.

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2
Q

Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)

A

Family of PRRs recognizing molecular patterns not found in healthy vertebrate cells.

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3
Q

Inflammasomes

A

Multiprotein complexes that drive pro-inflammatory cytokine production and induce cell death.

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4
Q

Innate Immunity

A

Early phase of the host response that predates separation of animal and plant lineages.

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5
Q

Acquired Immunity

A

Generated by specific lymphocytes, discriminates between individual pathogens, and is associated with ‘memory’.

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6
Q

Mucins

A

prevents adhesion to epithelium by microorganisms.

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7
Q

Lysozyme

A

Glycosidase that attacks peptidoglycan in bacterial cell wall.

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8
Q

Defensins

A

Disrupts the cell membranes of bacteria and fungi via pore formation.

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9
Q

Cathelicidins

A

Disrupt cell membrane of wide range of microorganisms.

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10
Q

Histatins

A

Active against pathogenic fungi.

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11
Q

RegIII family

A

Family C-type lectins targeting peptidoglycans, promoting pore formation.

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12
Q

Mannose-binding lectin

A

Recognizes sugars like mannose and fucose.

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13
Q

Ficolin

A

Recognizes oligosaccharides containing acetylated sugars.

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14
Q

C-reactive protein

A

Recognizes phosphorylcholine.

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15
Q

NOD-Like receptors (NLRs)

A

Cytoplasmic receptor proteins that are intracellular sensors of bacterial invasion and cellular damage.

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16
Q

NLRP3

A

Forms an inflammasome complex that includes the adapter protein ASC.

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17
Q

ASC

A

Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD, recruits and activates caspase-1.

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18
Q

What do both TLR and iL-1R have?

A

The same form of DOMAIN (TIR)

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19
Q

How do Toll and IL-1 receptors differ?

A

IL-1R has Ig-like domain whilst TLR (Toll) has leucine rich repeats

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20
Q

Both Toll and IL-1 play a role in inflammatory response with

A

TLR recognising PAMPS and IL-1R brining to the pro inflammatory cytokine IL-1

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21
Q

MyD88

A

Adaptor protein triggering NF-κB activation and cytokine production in TLR signaling.

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22
Q

TRIF

A

Adaptor protein involved in TLR signaling leading to type I interferon production.

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23
Q

LPS

A

Lipopolysaccharide, recognized by TLR4 in bacterial infections.

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24
Q

MAPK pathways

A

Activated in TLR signaling, contributing to inflammation, cell survival, and apoptosis.

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25
Q

innate immunity

A

Discriminates between groups of pathogens.

Predates separation of animal and plant lineage.

26
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Generated by specific lymphocytes (type of white blood cell).

Discriminates between individual pathogens.

27
Q

How many PRR’s are known?

A

100 BUT, 4 main ones to study in-depth.

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28
Q

What are the type of PRRs

A

C type lectin family, Scavenger receptors, Complement and Fc receptors, TOLL-like receptors.

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29
Q

C type lectin family

A

Recognises b-1,3-linked glucans, common component of fungal cell walls.

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30
Q

Mannose receptor is apart of what family?

A

C type lectin family.

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31
Q

Mannose receptor

A

May recognise mannose-containing structures on pathogens but also plays a role in clearance of host proteins.

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32
Q

Scavenger

A

Structurally heterogenous. Recognises various anionic polymers and acetylated low density lipoproteins.

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33
Q

Complement and Fc receptors

A

Recognise complement-coated and antibody coated organisms.

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34
Q

TLR4 PATHWAYS

A

Key outcomes of TLR4 signalling - Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-A, IL-6, IL-1B) Via NF-kB activation, Type 1 interferons, Activation of MAPK pathways which contribute to inflammation, Antimicrobial defence.

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35
Q

PRRs are key to……. And provide…… (3 terms)

A

Immune surveillance and inflammation.

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36
Q

Difference between Heterodimers and Homodimers

A

Heter = when two difference receptors dimerise, Homo = same receptors dimerise.

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37
Q

In order for Signal transduction to occur TLR4 pathway, TLR-4 recognises……….

A

LPS in association with the accessory protein MD-2. Stabilisation leads to signal transduction.

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BM325 (2 decks)

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