Block A - antiarrthymic drugs Flashcards
arrthmias ?
Arrhythmias are a group of conditions in which the heart beats irregularly, either too fast, or too slowly , they occur as a result of abnormal electrical activity. They arise due to an abnormality of the cardiac rhythm which is called a cardiac arrhythmia. Arrhythmias may arise from ischaemia, infarction, fibrosis or drugs
irregular bradycardia ?
There are two main types of arrhythmia:
Irregular bradycardia in which the heart rate is too slow at less than 60 b.p.m.
irregular tachycardia ?
Irregular tachycardia: the heart rate is fast at over 100 b.p.m
symptoms of arrthmias ?
Palpitations – patient can feel their heartbeat
Heart failure symptoms (e.g. edema)
Fatigue
Dyspnea (breathing difficulties)
Dizziness
Angina
Syncope (fainting)
No symptoms at all
why do arrthmias form ?
Cardiac arrythmias arise from altered formation of impulses in the heart or altered conduction of the impulse through the heart.
ectopic beats ?
Ectopic beats arise from fibres or group of fibres outside normal pacemaker region (SA node). There is an area of the heart out with the SA node which develops pace maker qualities.
heart block ?
Heart block is the obstruction in the electrical conduction system.
reentry phenonenom ?
Reentry phenomenon is the return of the same impulse into a zone of heart muscle that it has previously been activated.
treatment ?
Pharmacological therapy.
DC Cardioversion is a procedure to convert an abnormal heart rhythm to a normal heart rhythm.
Pacemaker therapy.
Surgical therapy e.g. aneurysmal excision.
Interventional therapy in which parts of the heart which give rise to these issues are ablated.
what is pharmacology therapy ?
Pharmacological therapy is when drugs are used to alter the transmission of electrical signals in the heart.
excitability ?
Excitability is the ability to respond to stimuli by producing and conducting action potentials. Any cells that poses the ability to conduct an action potential is said to have an excitatory membrane
refractory period ?
Refractory period is the time following excitation during which a second action potential cannot be generates and conducted.
membrane responsivness ?
Membrane responsiveness is the relationship between membrane activation voltage and the maximal rate of rise of the action potential , the upstroke of the action potential.
antiarrytmic drugs effectiveness statement ?
Anti-arrhythmic drugs are a common theme and effective antiarrhythmic drugs increase the refractory period or slow upstroke of action potentials or both mechanisms.
These drugs work to control electrical signals by altering action potential generation or action potential propagation. It is important to understand how the membrane potentials arise and what various channels are doing.
how are electrical impulses in our body carried ?
Electrical impulses in our bodies are carried by ions, and these ions require an access route across the membrane, ion channels allow this to occur.
channels ?
Channels are large pores in a membrane that allow ions to flow from one side of the membrane to the other and carry the electrical signals.
channels have gating , what is this ?
Gating is present and this can be opened or closed. The gating opens in response to a particular stimulus. A gating control mechanism is the membrane potential itself.
channels have ion selectivity , what is this ?
Ion selectivity occurs in some channels and only allow Na+ ions to cross, while others only allow K+ or Ca2+ ions to flow through. If a channel only allows calcium ions to pass this is termed a Ca2+ ion channel, if a channel only allows Na+ ions to pass this is called a Sodium ion channel. Furthermore, if a channel only allows K+ ions to flow this is termed as a K+ ion channel.
sodium and clcium ions concentration on a cell ?
Sodium and calcium ions are at a high concentration outside the membrane and cell,