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1st Year Mbbs > Block A > Flashcards

Block A Flashcards

1
Q

How manu rbcs are present in the human body?

A

25 trillion

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2
Q

Total no of cells in human body

A

35 to 40 trillion cells

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3
Q

Microorganisms living in the body are called

A

Microbiota

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4
Q

The gastrointestinal track has how many species of microorganisms

A

400 to 1000

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5
Q

What are the ions present in intracellular fluid

A

Potassium magnesium and phosphate ions

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6
Q

What is homeostasis ?

A

Maintenance of nearly constant internal environment!

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7
Q

What is a disease

A

Disease is a state of disrupted homeostasis

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8
Q

How much time does it take for blood to circulate the blood once

A

1 minute when body is at rest
6 minutes when body is active

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9
Q

The capillary walls are permeable to everything except

A

Plasma proteins

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10
Q

What is the most abundant of all the metabolism products

A

Carbon dioxide

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11
Q

The thickness of alveolar wall

A

0.4 to 2 micrometer

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12
Q

What weight of the body is the skin

A

It makes around 12 to 15 % of the body weight

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13
Q

What is the stimulus for baroreceptors ?

A

Stretch of arterial wall

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14
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

In the bifurcation region of carotid arteries and in the arch of aorta in the thorax

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15
Q

What temperature increase can cause death

A

A 7 degree Celsius ( 11 degree Fahrenheit) increase can cause cell death.

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16
Q

What ph levels can be lethal

A

Decreased or increased by 0.5 can be lethal

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17
Q

What potassium levels can be lethal

A

If it decreases to less than 1,3rd of the original paralysis occurs.
If it increases heart muscle is severely depressed.

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18
Q

Decreased calcium concentration can cause

A

Tetanic contractions of muscles

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19
Q

Decreased glucose can cause

A

Mental irratibility and convulsions

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20
Q

What is gain of a control system?

A

The degree of effectiveness of a control system with which it maintains a constant condition

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21
Q

What is the formula of gain

A

Gain = correction/ error

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22
Q

Gain of the internal body temperature regulatory system

A

-33

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23
Q

Adaptive control or feed forward mechanism

A

Is in a sense delayed negative feedback

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24
Q

Father of medicine

A

Hippocrates

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25
Q

Father of anatomy

A

Herophilus

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26
Q

Father of modern anatomy

A

Leonardo da Vinci

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27
Q

Plane dividing the body into left and right parts

A

Saggital plane

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28
Q

Plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior part

A

Coronal plane

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29
Q

Plane dividing the body into upper and lower part

A

Transverse plane

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30
Q

Preaxial border of the upper limb

A

Is its outer boundary

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31
Q

In anatomical position forearms are

A

Supinated

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32
Q

Ontogeny is the development of organism

A

From fertilization to death

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33
Q

Phylogeny is the development of organism

A

Throughout evolution

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34
Q

Ontogeny is

A

Developmental history

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35
Q

Phylogeny is

A

Evolutionary history

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36
Q

Surface anatomy is also called

A

Topographic anatomy

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37
Q

Supine position

A

Is person lying on his back with palms facing the ceiling

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38
Q

Prone position

A

Is a person lying on his or her face abdomen and chest

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39
Q

The position used during delivery of the baby

A

Lithotomy

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40
Q

Transverse plane is also called

A

Horizontal plane

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41
Q

Oblique plane

A

Any plane that divides the body that is not coronal transverse or saggital plane is oblique

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42
Q

Cardinal plane

A

If any plane traverses the center of the he body

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43
Q

Centre of gravity

A

The point where the three cardinal planes intersect

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44
Q

What is medial

A

Anything that is close to the median plane

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45
Q

What is lateral

A

Anything that is away from the medial plane

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46
Q

What is ipsilateral

A

When organs or structures are on the same side of the body

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47
Q

What is contralateral

A

When structures or organs are on the opposite side of the body

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48
Q

In upper limb the medial border is

A

The bordercalong the little finger

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49
Q

In upper limb the lateral border

A

Is the border along the thumb

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50
Q

Palmer aspect

A

Is the front of the palm

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51
Q

Dorsal aspect is

A

The back of the palm

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52
Q

Cranial is also called

A

Rostral

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53
Q

Flexor in lower limb is

A

The back of the leg

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54
Q

Extensor in lower limb is

A

The front of the leg

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55
Q

The elbow joint is called

A

The radio ulnar joint

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56
Q

The ankle joint is called

A

The subtalar joint

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57
Q

Abduction of the shoulder

A

When the hand is taken away from the body like in raising the hand

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58
Q

Adduction of the shoulder

A

When the limb is brought close to the body

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59
Q

Flexion of the thumb

A

When the thumb is put against the palm

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60
Q

Medial rotation of the shoulder

A

When the shoulder is brought in front of the abdomen and chest area

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61
Q

Lateral rotation of the shoulder

A

When the shoulder is moved away and note that it is in L shape

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62
Q

Flexion of metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal

A

Is when making a fist

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63
Q

Extension of matacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints

A

When opening the fist

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64
Q

Flexion of thigh

A

When the thigh front is brought close to the abdomen

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65
Q

Flexion of knee

A

When the back of thigh and back of leg are in contact with each other

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66
Q

Dorsiflexion of the foot

A

When the foot id bright close to the leg and soles face forward

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67
Q

Origin of the muscle

A

It is the region which is fixed

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68
Q

Insertion if the muscle

A

It is the region that moved during contraction or relaxation

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69
Q

Aponeurosis

A

It is flattened tendon

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70
Q

Raphe

A

Is a fibrous band made of aponeurosis or tendons

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71
Q

Mandible depression

A

Is opening the mouth

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72
Q

Mandible elevation

A

Is closure of the mouth

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73
Q

Venae comitantes

A

Two veins on each side of artery-joined to each other

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74
Q

Anastomosis

A

When vessels (two or more) are connected to each other.

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75
Q

Inner layer of nuclear envelope has proteins called

A

Lamins that control alot of cell division.

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76
Q

What does a tissue consist of

A

Cells and extra cellular matrix

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77
Q

The human tissues are of 4 types

A

The epithelial tissue
The connective tissue
The muscle tissue
The nervous tissue

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78
Q

Any organ consists of two components

A

The parenchyma ( consist of the the cells that perform the specific function )
The stroma ( consists of connective tissue)

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79
Q

Epithelial tissue is a collection of

A

Strongly apposed cells with little extracellular matrix

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80
Q

Is epithelial tissue vascular

A

No it is avascular

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81
Q

The epithelial tissue is supported by

A

Loose connective tissue that contains blood vessels

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82
Q

The layer between epithelial tissue and connective tissue

A

Is called basement lamina and it contains adherent glycoproteins and collagen type 4

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83
Q

Epithelia of the body can be

A

Glandular (forms the secretory region of the gland and the lining of the duct ) and

surface epithelial (lines the outer surface of the body inner lining of the body cavities and the lining of tubular surfaces)

84
Q

Glandular epithelial tissue can either

A

Secrete substances (hormones)
Excrete substances (urine and sweat)

85
Q

Surface epithelial tissue is also called

A

The lining epithelial tissue

86
Q

The most obvious example of the epithelial tissue

A

Is the epidermis of the skin

87
Q

The internal (luminal) surface of the heart blood vessels and lymph vessels is lined by a special type of epithelium called

A

The endothelium

88
Q

The body cavities like the pericardial plural and peritoneal cavities are lined by special type of epithelium called

A

The mesothelium

89
Q

On the basis of no of cell layers the epithelium is divided into

A
  1. Simple epithelium (unilaminar)
  2. Stratified epithelium (multilaminar)
  3. Pseudo stratified epithelium
90
Q

Simple epithelium

A

Single layer of cells
Each cell has a basal membrane that rests on the basement membrane
Each cell has an apex facing the lumen of the organ its covering

91
Q

Straitified epithelium

A
  1. Multilaminar ( has many layers)
  2. Only the innermost cells rest on the basement membrane
  3. Only the superficial most has an apex that opens into the lumen
92
Q

Pseudo stratified epithelium has

A

Two types of cells
Tall columnar cells and short cells

93
Q

Simple squamous epitheliums identification points

A
  1. Flat cells
  2. Single layer
  3. Flat nucleus
  4. Bulging plasma membrane
  5. Serrated or wavy boundaries of the cell
  6. Individual cells are roughly polygonal
  7. Side view shows fusiform shaped cells
94
Q

Examples of simple squamous epithelium

A
  1. Endothelium the lining of blood vessels, the heart and lymphatic vessels.
  2. Mesothelium the lining of pericardial plural and peritoneal cavities.
  3. Type 1 alveolar cells
95
Q

Functions of simple squamous epithelium

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Active transport
  3. Vesicular transport
96
Q

Identification points of simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  1. Single layer of cube shaped cells.
  2. Cells apper square shaped from the side profile.
  3. Cells appear hexagonal or polygonal from the surface view.
  4. Spherical nucleus
  5. Height and width of each cell is equal
97
Q

Location of simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  1. Follicular cells of the thyroid gland
  2. Distal convoluted tubules the kidney
98
Q

Simple columnar epithelium identification points

A
  1. Elongated cells
  2. Height of each cell is greater than its width
  3. Oval shaped nucleus located at the base of cell
  4. The apex of the cell is modified tonform microvilli
    Steroicilia and kinocilia
99
Q

Location of simple columnar epithelium

A

Inner lining of the 1.stomach 2. Gall bladder
3. Intestines 4. Uterus

100
Q

Stratifies squamous epithelium is located in

A

Areas that are subjected to wear and tear

101
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium has many layers

A

1..The bottom layer having cube shaped or low columnar cells that mititically keep dividing.
2..The middle layer having polygonal cells.
3..The top layer having flat cells.

102
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium is further of two types

A

Keratanized squamous epithelium
Non keratanized squamous epithelium

103
Q

Keratanized squamous epithelium has dead flat keratanized cells on the superficial layer. The environment causes

A

Abrasion and dessication

Example: skin of the epidermis

104
Q

Non keratanized squamous epithelium is found in

A

Oropharynx, oral cavity and oesophagus

105
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium location

A

In the large ducts of exocrine glands like sweat glands pancreas and salivary glands

106
Q

Straitified columnar epithelium located in

A

In the conjuctiva of the eyes and the male urethra

107
Q

Cells are composed of how much water

A

75 to 80% water except fat cells

108
Q

The most abundant substance in cell after water is

A

Proteins

109
Q

Examples of structural proteins in the cell are

A

Microtubules
Fibriller proteins

110
Q

Percentage of proteins and lipids in the cell is

A

10-20%

2%

111
Q

Lipids present in cell are

A

Phospholipids triglycerides (neutral fats) and cholesterol

112
Q

Carbohydrate stored in cell is

A

1%
In muscle cells it becomes 3% and in
Liver cells it becomes 6 %

113
Q

The lipid bilayer of cells is composed of

A

Phospholipids, sphingolipids and cholesterol

114
Q

Lipid bilayer is penetrated by

A

Oxygen carbon dioxide and alcohol

115
Q

Sphingo lipids are derived from and are present in

A

Derived from amino alcohol sphingocine and are present in nerve cells

116
Q

What is the function of the cholesterol in the cell

A

It controls fluidity of the cell

117
Q

What are proteoglycans

A

Proteoglycans are carbohydrates bound to protein core

118
Q

What is Glycocalyx

A

It is a loose carbohydrate coat on the surface of the cell

119
Q

The wall of the ER

A

Is composed of large lipid bilayer molecules just like the one on the plasma membrane

120
Q

Rough ER function and smooth ER function

A

Protein synthesis and lipid synthesis respectively

121
Q

The golgi apparatus has membranes similar to the

A

Smooth ER

122
Q

Lysosomes consist of of

A

40 different hydrolases

123
Q

Peroxisomes are different than lysosomes because

A

They are formed by self replication or budding off from the SER unlike lysosomes that buds off from Golgi.
Secondly it contains oxidases

124
Q

Function of peroxisomes

A
  1. Fatty acid metabolism.
  2. Detoxification of alcohol into acetaldehyde.
  3. Forming hydrogen peroxide and with the help if catalase, oxidizing many things that need to be oxidized
125
Q

The inner membrane of mitochondria has infoldings called Cristae

A

It increases the surface area for chemical reactions to occur and to it are attached oxidative enzymes

126
Q

Microfilaments occurring in the outer zone of cytoplasm

A

Is called ectoplasm

127
Q

Examples of intermediate filaments

A

Desmin filaments in muscles
Neurofilaments in nerve cells
Keratins in epithelial cells

128
Q

Microtubules occur in

A

In cilia
Centrioles and mitotic spindles

129
Q

The nucleolus is a darkly stained body made up of

A

Rna and proteins

130
Q

Pinocytosis occurs when the molecules suppose proteins to be engulfed attach to receptors present in a region called

A

The coated pit beneath which are clatherin filaments which helps in the pinching of the cell membrane

131
Q

Phagocytosis is engulfing larger molecules than in pinocytosis. Bacteria is already attached to an antibody it is the anti body that attaches to the receptors of the phagocytic cell, it is the antibody that drags the bacteria with it and the process is called

A

Opsonization
The molecules to be engulfed attaches to receptors and actin or another contractile filaments grow pseudopods around the molecule to be engulfed and the contractile protein also helps the phagosome to be pinched off the cell membrane.

132
Q

Regression that occurs in tissues of the body

A

Lysosomes are responsible for it

133
Q

Lysosomes consist of bactericidal agents

A

These are lysosymes
Lysoferrins (that binds iron and other substances before they promote growth )
pH of 5.0 to prevent bacterial growth

134
Q

The golgi apparatus although processes things already manufactured in the ER but it can also

A

Form carbohydrates that cannot be synthesized in the ER like hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate

135
Q

Functions of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate

A
  1. Helps in migration and proliferation of the cells.
  2. Major component of proteoglycans.
  3. Major component of extracellular matrix of bone and cartilage
  4. Major component of non fibrous ground substance outside the cell
136
Q

Exocytosis in most cases is stimulated by entry if which ions the cell

A

Calcium ions

137
Q

The no. of high energy bonds in ATP are two and the energy that they contain

A

Is almost 12000 cal per mole of ATP

138
Q

ATP is used in

A
  1. Production of macromolecules
  2. Transport of substances
  3. In mechanical work (muscle contraction)
139
Q

In renal tubular cells, the amount of AtP used to transport ions across the tubules

A

Is 80% of the ATP they produce

140
Q

The formation of one bond in a chemical compound requires energy from

A

The 4 high energy bonds of ATP

141
Q

Some cells use around 75% of their total ATP

A

In manufacturing new compounds

142
Q

ATP formation occurring in cytoplasm by the process of glycolysis is

A

5% and that in mitochondria is 95%

143
Q

WBCs move through the tissues by movement called

A

Ameboid movement

144
Q

Ameboid movement starts when pseudopods project from one end of the cell

A

And the pseudopods drag the cell to the new area in the tissue

145
Q

What protein helps in ameboid movement

A

Actin

146
Q

Types of cells in the human body that move by ameboid motion

A
  1. Wbcs especially macrophages in the tissue
  2. Fibroblasts
  3. Germinal cells of the skin
  4. Cancerous cells like sarcoma ( thats why they can spread so rapidly
147
Q

Initiator of ameboid locomotion is

A

Chemotaxis

148
Q

Cilia is of two types

A

Motile cilia and non motile cilia

149
Q

Cilia is made up of 11 microtubules

A

9 doublet and 2 singlet

150
Q

Each cilia is an outgrowth of

A

The basal body

151
Q

The flagellum movement is called

A

Quasisinosoidal waves

152
Q

The dublets and singlets are joined by a complex of glycoproteins and the cross bridges all tgt are called

A

The axenome

153
Q

Bone is one third

A

Connective tissue

154
Q

Bone is two third

A

Calcium salts

155
Q

The calcium salts of the body are

A

Calcium phosphate calcium carbonate

156
Q

The inorganic calcium salt in bone is

A

Calcium hydroxy apatite

Ca10 (PO4)6 (OH)2

157
Q

Bone is much more regenerative than other tissues in the body except

A

Blood

158
Q

What air sinuses affect the timbre of the voice

A

Paranasal air sinuses

159
Q

According to shap bones are divided into

A
  1. Long hones
  2. Short bones
  3. Flat bones
  4. Irregular bones
  5. Sesamoid bones
  6. Pneumatic bones

Pnemonic: FLISSP

160
Q

Flat bones examples

A

Bones in the vault of the skull
The sternum
The ribs
The scapula

161
Q

Long bones have a shaft (the diaphysis) an epiphysis at each end has three surface borders and a medulla cavity. Examples are

A
  1. Typical long bones
  2. Miniature long bones
  3. Modified long bones
162
Q

Examples of typical long bones

A

Humerus radius ulnar femur tibia and fibula

163
Q

miniature long bones examples

A

Metacarpels metatarsal and phalanges

164
Q

Modified long bones include

A

The clavicle

165
Q

Irregular bones examples

A

The hip bone
The sphenoid
The first and 2nd cervical vertebra

166
Q

Short bones examples are

A

Tarsals and carpals

167
Q

Sesamoid bones include

A

Patella in the quadriceps fimoris
Pisiforrm
Flabella

168
Q

Pneumatic bones include

A

The maxilla the sphenoid and the ethmoid

169
Q

Accessory bones include

A

The sutures in the skull
Wormian or the sutural bone
The cervical and lumbar ribs

170
Q

On the basis of development bones are classified into

A
  1. Membrane (dermal) bones
  2. Cartilagenous bones
  3. Membranocartilagenous bones
171
Q

Examples of membrane (dermal) bones

A

Parietal and frontal
Maxillary

172
Q

Examples of cartilagenous bones

A

Bones of the limbs
Vertebral column
Thorasic cage

173
Q

Membrano cartilagenous bones

A

Clavicle
Occipital and temporal
Mandible
Sphenoid

174
Q

On the basis of structure bone can be

A

Compact or can cancellous

175
Q

Compact bone is

A

Dense and porous

176
Q

Cancellous or spongy bone is a meshwork of

A

Trebaculae

177
Q

Microscopically bones are of how many types and what are the names

A

They are of five types and the names are
1. Lamellar - most adult bones are lamellar they have lamellae in the form of concentric circles in compact bone and or branched curved plates in spongy bone
2. Woven bone: seen in fortal bone cancer of bone and in repairing bone 4
3. Fibrous bone: seen in early fetal stage
4. Dentine
5. Cement

178
Q

Periosteum has 2 parts

A

Outer fibrous layer
Inner osteogenic layer

179
Q

Periosteum is connected to the underlying bone

A

By sharpe’s fibres

180
Q

What is the most sensitive part of the bone

A

Periosteum

181
Q

Cortex is made up of

A

Compact bone

182
Q

Medullary cavity is lined by

A

Endosteum

183
Q

The two ends of long bones are up of

A

Cancellous bone and is covered by hyaline cartilage

184
Q

Epiphysis of the bones are end and ossify from

A

Secondary centres

185
Q

Diaphysis ossify from

A

Primary centres of ossification

186
Q

Common region of osteomyelitis is

A

Metaphysis

187
Q

Young long bones are supplied by

A
  1. Nutrient artery
  2. Epiphyseal artery
  3. Periosteal artery
  4. Metsphyseal artery
188
Q

Nutrient artery enters the via the

A

Nutrient foramen, it runs through the cortex and divides in the medullary cavity

189
Q

The nutrient artery supplies

A

The medullary cavity
Two third of the cortex
And the metaphysis

190
Q

Growing ends of long bones are

A

The upper end of humerus
Lower end of radius and ulna

And in lower limb
Lower end of the femur and upper end of tibia and fibula

191
Q

The nutrient foramen is directed

A

Away from the growing end

192
Q

Periosteal arteries ramify beneath the periosteum and enter the

A

Wolfmanns canal

193
Q

Periosteal arteries supply the

A

Outer 1/3rd of the cortex

194
Q

Epiphyseal arteries are derived from

A

Periarticular vascular arcade found on the bony surface

195
Q

In miniature long bones

A

The infection begins in the middle of the shaft not at the metaphysis

196
Q

The nerve supplying the bones

A

Most are sympathetic and vasomotor in function

197
Q

Bones arefirst laid down as

A

Mesodermal condensations

198
Q

Replacement of the mesenchymal condensation by bone is called

A

Intra membraneous ossification or mesenchymal ossification

199
Q

The mesoderm if first replaced by cartilage and then the cartilage is replaced by bone

A

It is called intracartilagenous or endochondral ossification

200
Q

There are three types of cartilages

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage
  2. Fibrocartilage
  3. Elastic cartilage
201
Q

Hyaline cartilage is found in

A
  1. Articular surfaces of long bones
  2. Trachea and brochi
  3. Thyroid
  4. Cricoid
202
Q

Fibrocartilage is found in

A

Intervertebral disc
Interpubis disc
In articular discs of temporomandibular joints
Sternoclavicle joint

203
Q

Ossification of long bones begin in intrauterine life at week

A

8th

204
Q

Fibrocartilage has no

A

Perichondrium

205
Q

Carbohydrates mean

A

Hydrates of carbon

1st Year Mbbs (1 decks)

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