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BM210 - Biochemistry > Block A > Flashcards

Block A Flashcards

1
Q

During intron splicing, what site does the splicing proteins recognise

A

The GU site at the 5’ splice site

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2
Q

During intron splicing, what happens after the splicing proteins recognise the specific site

A

The proteins recruit other proteins into a large complex called the spliceosome

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3
Q

Which bases are purines

A

Guanine, Adenine

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4
Q

Which bases are pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, Thymine

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5
Q

Whats a nucleoside

A

Base conjugated to a sugar

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6
Q

Whats a nucleotide

A

Nucleoside conjugated to 1 or more phosphates

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7
Q

How many H bonds in a G-C

A

3

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8
Q

How many H bonds in a A-T

A

2

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9
Q

Which is harder to break, G-C or A-T

A

G-C

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10
Q

Introns are ____ regions

A

Non-coding (intervening DNA)

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11
Q

Extrons are _____ regions

A

Coding (Expressed DNA)

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12
Q

In DNA replication, how is RNA primer produced and state its role

A

RNA primer provides a starting point for DNA replication. Produced by primase

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13
Q

In DNA replication, which enzyme catalyses specific DNA bases to the free 3’ hydroxyl on the primer

A

DNA polymerase

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14
Q

Whats the role of mRNA

A

Template for the synthesis of proteins

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15
Q

Whats the role of tRNA

A

Carries amino acids to ribosomes in translation

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16
Q

Whats the role of rRNA

A

A major component of ribosomes

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17
Q

Describe the initiation phase of transcription

A

The binding of transcription factors to certain gene sequences (like CAAT box and TATA box) at the promotor site opens the DNA and phosphorylates the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD). This allows RNA polymerase II to leave the promotor site and begin transcription.

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18
Q

How many base pairs need to be open for the promotor site to be open

A

17

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19
Q

Describe the elongation phase of transcription

A

RNA poly II moves along DNA template to synthesize mRNA, growing in a 5’ to 3’ direction

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20
Q

Describe the termination phase of transcription

A

RNA polymerase ceases transcription at defined sites. mRNA strand is stabilised by modifications like 5’ cap and poly A tail at 3’

21
Q

Whats the equation for Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases

A

Amino acid + ATP +tRNA +H²0 –> Aminoacyl-tRNA + AMP + 2Pi

22
Q

Describe how Translation is initiated

A

Initiated through a complex. This complex scans the mRNA, looking for an AUG codon. Once found, an 80S is formed on the ribosome and protein synthesis begins.

23
Q

What is intercellular signalling

A

Communication between different cells

24
Q

Whats intracellular signalling

A

Signalling within the cell

25
Q

Define epigenetics

A

Modifications to the genome that affect gene expression but do not alter the DNA sequence

26
Q

When CpG is methylated, the ____ is methylated

A

Cytosine

27
Q

Explain how methylation of CpG regions repress gene expression

A

Methyl binding proteins bind to methylated DNA and prevent the binding of transcription factors.

28
Q

Describe how DNA is packaged in the nucleus

A

DNA wraps around a histone octomer. A histone octomer is four histone units assembled.

29
Q

Whats the name for a DNA-histone complex

A

Chromatin

30
Q

Describe the properties of euchromatin (3 marks)

A

-loosely packed
-under active transcription
-enriched in genes

31
Q

Describe the properties of heterochromatin (3 marks)

A

-tightly packed form of chromatin
-inaccessible to transcription factors
-genetically inactive

32
Q

What determines the state of the chromatin

A

Methylation and acetylation of histones

33
Q

How can epigenetic changes cause disease

A

The methylation of a tumor suppressor gene could inhibit gene expression. This could lead to cancer.

34
Q

Give an example of how RNA interference (RNAi) may be used experimentally

A

It can be used to knockdown protein production from a particular gene

35
Q

Outline the experimental use of CRISPR-Cas?

A

To generate genetic mutations at a desired location in the genome

36
Q

How does CRISPR-Cas complex target specific regions of the genome

A

with a guide RNA that is complementary to the target DNA sequence

37
Q

Why does the movement of electrons from glucose to oxygen release energy

A

because oxygen has a higher redox potential than glucose

38
Q

TRUE/FALSE: RNA polymerase II is located only in the cell cytosol

A

false

39
Q

TRUE/FALSE: RNA polymerase II synthesizes RNA in a 3’ to 5’ direction

A

false

40
Q

TRUE/FALSE: RNA polymerase II transcribed genes encoding aminoacyl tRNA synthetases

A

true

41
Q

Put the following events (1-5) in the correct order:
1. Splicing
2. Elongation
3. Capping
4. Initiation of transcription
5. Assembly of the basal transcription complex

A

5,4,3,2,1

42
Q

TRUE/FALSE: Cytosolic proteins are always membrane bound

A

false

43
Q

TRUE/FALSE: Cytosolic proteins are polar on the surface

A

true

44
Q

Is the conversion of ADP to ATP carried out by the electron transport chain

A

no

45
Q

What is the correct order of events in the chain elongation part of the fatty acid synthesis pathway.

A

Condensation, reduction, dehydration, reduction

46
Q

PCR is used to indentify microsatellite variation between individuals because….

A

PCR product size differences indicate microsatellite variation

47
Q

A father will share ____ of his genetic variation with his child.

A

50%

48
Q
A

BM210 - Biochemistry (3 decks)

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