Block 6 Flashcards

Question 1

Q

Cell Wall
what is it
purpose

Answer

A

Cell wall: PEPTIDOGLYCAN, for shape and structure, used to determine if gram pos. or gram neg.

Question 2

Q

thick peptidoglycan layer, no outer membrane, lipoteichoic and teichoic acids, strong antigenic properties
* More resistant to drying and disruption
* GRAM STAIN: purple=positive

gram + or -?

Question 3

Q

thin peptidoglycan layer, has outer membrane, lipopolysaccharides (aka LPS)
* More prone to drying and disruption (because more lipids)
* Polysaccharide chain: antigenic portion
* Lipid A: endotoxin that will cause toxic effects (harm) and activate immune system
* GRAM STAIN: pink=negative

gram + or-?

Question 4

Q

Do all bacteria have cell wall?

Answer

A

All bacteria have this except mycobacterium (mycolic acid virulence factor) à acid fast stain
* ACID FAST STAIN: pink=positive, blue=negative

Question 5

Q

Which bacteria are acid fast partial?

Answer

A

corynebacterium
rhodococcus
nocardia

Question 6

Q

Mycobacterium overview

non-spore forming, non-motile, rod shaped

defines what?

Question 7

Q

Mycobacterium overview

Acid fast stain (ZN) due to the lipids and mycolic acid in the cell wall:

what result Acid fast?
What relavance gram pos?

Answer

A

acid fast pos. (stain pink)
Gram pos. but will not gram stain because of the mycolic acid

Question 8

Q

Mycobacterium overview

The lipid rich cell wall make this bacteria….(3 things)

Answer

A

hydrophobic (hates water)
resistant to an adverse
environment (AKA they are more resistant than other bacteria)
susceptible to pasteurization

Question 9

Q

Mycobacterium overview

Environmental saprophytes that can be divided into…what?

Answer

A

opportunistic bacteria or obligate pathogens

Question 10

Q

Mycobacterium overview

Disease is typically chronic and progressive, and the major diseases include: name 3

Answer

A

Tuberculosis (TB), Johne’s disease, feline leprosy

Question 11

Q

Mycobacterium overview

Some diagnostic procedures:

hint:
* use of biohazard cabinet
* obligate/saprophyte graowth rate
* BACTEC
* culture for?
* PCR for?

Answer

A

Use a biohazard cabinet as a safety precaution!
Obligate pathogens will grow slowly on enriched media while saprophytes grow fast
BACTEC: commercial liquid culture used to improve isolation time of pathogenic mycobacteria to10-20
days
Culture to check for viable bacteria, then PCR from culture and/or clinical samples to ID the species

Question 12

Q

Pathogenic Mycobacterium summary

M. tuberculosis

Main host?
Occasional infected?
Disease?
Significance of
infection
Growth rate/temp.
Growth supplement

Answer

A

Humans, primates
Dogs, cattle,
psittacine birds, etc.
Tuberculosis
(worldwide)
Humans
Zoonotic!
Slow
37oC

Question 13

Q

Pathogenic Mycobacterium summary

M. bovis

Main host?
Occasional infected?
Disease?
Significance of
infection
Growth rate/temp.
Growth supplement

Answer

A

Cattle
Deer, badgers,
opossum, humans,
cats, etc. (problem in
wildlife)
Tuberculosis
Cattle
Zoonotic!
Slow
37oC

Question 14

Q

Pathogenic Mycobacterium summary

M. avium complex

Main host?
Occasional infected?
Disease?
Significance of
infection
Growth rate/temp.
Growth supplement

Answer

A

Most avian species
(not psittacine)
Pigs, cattle, humans
Tuberculosis
Poultry
Zoonotic!
Slow
37oC-43oC

Question 15

Q

Pathogenic Mycobacterium summary

M. lepraemurium

Main host?
Occasional infected?
Disease?
Significance of
infection
Growth rate/temp.
Growth supplement

Answer

A

Rats, mice
Cats (get bit by
mouse, rat)
Rat leprosy, feline
lepsrosy
does not grow

Question 16

Q

Pathogenic Mycobacterium summary

M. avium subsp.
paratuberculosis
* Main host?
* Occasional infected?
* Disease?
* Significance of
infection
* Growth rate/temp.
* Growth supplement

Answer

A

Cattle, sheep, goats,
deer
Other ruminants
Paratuberculosis AKA
Johne’s disease
Ruminants
Very slow (up to 16
weeks)
37oC
Mycobactin (important for growth

Question 17

Q

Reemerging, granulomatous disease
in animals and people that is chronic
and debility
* Signs and lesions (granuloma) are
similar in the various species

what is it?

Answer

A

Tuberculosis

*marcophages cannot digest
* world wide

Question 18

Q

Bovine TB
why is it important?
specifically where?
relevence for some wildlife species?

Answer

A

Bovine TB is an important zoonosis
(especially in non-industrialized
countries) and is **endemic **in some
wildlife species

Question 19

Q

M. tuberculosis (Mtb) complex
What is it composed of?
example?

Answer

A

M. tuberculosis (Mtb) complex is
composed of closely related species,
including but not limited to M. bovis
and M. tuberculosis

Question 20

Q

Tuberculosis
where and how can they live? for how long?

Answer

A

These bacteria can survive months in
the environment (cold, dark, moist
conditions)

Question 21

Q

M. tuberculosis is an emerging zoonosis and Anthropozoonosis

T/F

Question 22

Q

? is maintained in nature by animals and is transmissible to
humans

Question 23

Q

Endemic infections in wildlife populations include:
name 2

Answer

A

Banded mongoose in Botswana
Suricates in South Africa

Question 24

Q

Tuberculosis
Reservoir: ?

Answer

A

Reservoir: humans!

Question 25

Q

Tuberculosis

Susceptible species:

7

Answer

A

Susceptible species: dogs, cats, pigs, nonhuman primates,
psittacine birds, canaries, elephants

Question 26

Q

Tuberculosis

Disease in humans is considered ?

Answer

A

NOTIFIABLE

Question 27

Q

Tuberculosis

Pulmonary disease is more common with what type of infections

Answer

A

Pulmonary disease is more common with reactive infections

Question 28

Q

Tuberculosis

Disease in humans, specifically children may display?

Answer

A

Children: cervical lymphadenopathy, tonsillar and pre-auricular
LN’s

Question 29

Q

Tuberculosis

what effect to skin?

Answer

A

Localized skin disease that is benign and self-limiting

Question 30

Q

Tuberculosis

Genitourinary disease can cause what?

Answer

A

kidney failure

Question 31

Q

Bovine Tuberculosis

M. bovis is found where? and is a NOTIFIABLE disease (indistinguishable from M. tuberculosis in humans)

Is it zoonotic?

what result?

Answer

A

worldwide

Zoonotic implications and economic loses

Question 32

Q

Bovine Tuberculosis

what is the global status?
what about the US?
Is any country TB free?

Answer

A

TB status: widespread TB, eradication programs in progress (U.S.), TB free countries (Canada)

Question 33

Q

Bovine Tuberculosis

Reservoir: ?
result?
relevance?

example in UK/Ireland?
New Zealand
Michigan?

Answer

A

wildlife, therefore eradication is very difficult to achieve, also survives well in the environment

UK and Ireland: badgers
New Zealand: opossum
Michigan: white-tailed deer

Question 34

Q

Bovine Tuberculosis

Susceptible species and transmission

what type of host and carrier are cattle?
how are they infected?

Answer

A

Cattle are **reservoir hosts **and asymptomatic carriers: typically infected via aerosol but also, ingestion, cutaneous, genital,
and congenital

*aerosol: only need 10 particles to transmit

Question 35

Q

Bovine Tuberculosis

Susceptible species and transmission

Humans?

Answer

A

Humans: mostly by ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products or undercooked meat, but also, aerosol (from cow), breaks
in skin, person-to-person (immunosuppressed)

Question 36

Q

Bovine Tuberculosis

Susceptible species and transmission:

Cats?

Answer

A

Cats: ingestion of raw milk, aerosol, bite/scratches

Question 37

Q

Bovine Tuberculosis

Susceptible species and transmission

Pigs/ferrets/deer

Answer

A

ingestion

Question 38

Q

Bovine Tuberculosis

Susceptible species and transmission

Badgers

Answer

A

bites/scratches

Question 39

Q

Bovine Tuberculosis

Virulence factors:

Answer

A

lipids in the cell wall allow the bacteria to survive/multiply host macrophages

Question 40

Q

Bovine Tuberculosis

Cell protein antigens:

Answer

A

tuberculin

Question 41

Q

Bovine Tuberculosis

Pathogenesis:

Answer

A

type IV hypersensitivity reaction resulting in granuloma formation

Question 42

Q

Bovine Tuberculosis

Pathogenesis:
Following infection, how does the bacteria survive?

Answer

A

Following infection, bacteria is engulfed by macrophages (and dendritic cells), but the cell wall glycolipid blocks
phagosome-lysosome formation allowing for bacterial survival

Question 43

Q

Bovine Tuberculosis

Pathogenesis

Infected macrophages secrete cytokines

why?
what result?

Answer

A

Infected macrophages secrete cytokines to recruit lymphocytes to help, but the lymphocytes help contain the
bacteria and then secrete cytokines to recruit more macrophages

Question 44

Q

Bovine Tuberculosis

Pathogenesis

There is gradual accumulation of macrophages

resulting in what?
what can be found at the site of the granuloma?

how long does this process take?

Answer

A

There is gradual accumulation of macrophages around a lesion with a central necrotic core = tubercle or
granuloma which is the typical host response
* Macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts will all be found at the site of a granuloma

30 days

Question 45

Q

Bovine Tuberculosis

Pathogenesis:

Rupture of a granuloma allows for what to occur?

Answer

A

Rupture of a granuloma allows infected macrophages to leave and migrate, which results in dissemination and
spread to other parts of the body

Question 46

Q

Bovine Tuberculosis

CS in cattle

when can it be observed?
what result?

Answer

A

CS in cattle can only be seen in advanced disease: loss of condition, cough and pyrexia, mastitis
Lesions: caseous necrosis (soft cheese like consistency) within a capsule formation

Question 47

Q

Bovine Tuberculosis

Dx: name 4

Answer

A

Tuberculin skin test
Sample LN’s
Gamma interferon
ELISA

Question 48

Q

Bovine Tuberculosis

Dx:Tuberculin skin test

why?
how is it done?
what is the preliminary screening?
what is a comparitive cervical?
how is it done?
what causes a false positive
what causes a false negative?

Answer

A

Tuberculin skin test is done on live cattle to look for a cellular response:
Purified protein derivative (PPD) prepared from tuberculin, is injected intradermally to detect sensitization/reaction
Preliminary screening: injection in caudal fold, view at 72 hours to look for thickness/swelling and IF POSITIVE,
Comparative cervical: retesting of reactors with bovine PPD and avian PPD, view at 72 hours and if the bovine PPD injection site exceeds the
avian PPD by 4 mm or more = a REACTOR
Cervid screening: single cervical injection using bovine PPD
False positive: can occur if there is another bacteria present besides M. bovis, this is why we re-test positive results
False negative: if an animal has been infected within the last 30 days, anergy (unresponsive state) with advanced infections,
transient desensitization (retest at 60 days), immunosuppression

Question 49

Q

Bovine Tuberculosis

Dx:

Sample LN’s, tissue lesions, aspirates or milk to perform

how?
to detect what?
how long for result?

Answer

A

Sample LN’s, tissue lesions, aspirates or milk to perform microscopy with acid fast stain, culture with BACTEC, or PCR
for detection and ID (results in 1-2 days)

Question 50

Q

Bovine Tuberculosis

Dx:
Gamma interferon
what is it good for?
what result?

Answer

A

Gamma interferon: good for herd screening, detect infection at an earlier stage

Question 51

Q

Bovine Tuberculosis

Dx:
ELISA
when should you use it?

Answer

A

later stages of infection

Question 52

Q

Bovine Tuberculosis

Tx: ?

Answer

A

Tx: none, test and cull, no vaccines available

Question 53

Q

Bovine Tuberculosis

Prevention:

Answer

A

Prevention: screening herds, rodent control, sanitation/disinfection

Question 54

Q

Avian tuberculosis

found where?
zoonotic?

Answer

A

M. avium complex (serotype 1-3) is found worldwide in many species
* Zoonotic: infection in immunocompromised people

Question 55

Q

Avian tuberculosis

Susceptible species:

Answer

A

wild and domestic birds but most common in free-range adults, companion
animals, captive exotics
* Pigs can be infected by ingesting uncooked swill- causes small tubercles in the LN’s

Question 56

Q

Avian tuberculosis

Transmission:

Answer

A

fecal-oral route
* Bacteria are excreted from the feces of birds with advanced lesions and the organisms survive well in the soil

Question 57

Q

Avian tuberculosis

CS:

Answer

A

CS: dullness, emaciation, lameness
* Can see granulomatous lesions at post-mortem in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and intestines

Question 58

Q

Avian tuberculosis

Dx:

Answer

A

Dx:
* Avian PPD tuberculin injection into the skin of the wattle of live animals
* Post-mortem findings + positive bacilli in smears with ZN stain + confirmation with PCR

Question 59

Q

Johne’s disease, Paratuberculosis, MAP

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is

It is economically important because?

Answer

A

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a chronic and contagious, fatal enteritis of domestic and wild
ruminants
* Economically important disease due to the monetary losses, especially from drop in milk yields

Question 60

Q

Johne’s disease, Paratuberculosis, MAP

Susceptible species:

Answer

A

cattle, sheep, goats, llamas, deer

Question 61

Q

Johne’s disease, Paratuberculosis, MAP

Risk factor:

Answer

A

Risk factor: feeding pooled colostrum
* Combination of colostrum from several cows that is combined into a vat- one positive cow will infect the entire pool of colostrum

Question 62

Q

Johne’s disease, Paratuberculosis, MAP

Transmission:

Answer

A

Transmission: fecal-oral route, bacteria are excreted in the feces (in large #’s), or ingestion of milk and colostrum (in lower #’s)

Question 63

Q

Johne’s disease, Paratuberculosis, MAP

Transmission:

cattle?

Answer

A

Cattle are infected early in life, but the progression of disease onset is very slow so CS will not develop in cattle less than 2 years of
age and they could potentially be shedding more bacteria during this time
Cattle exposed as adults are less likely to become infected because resistance develops with age

Question 64

Q

Johne’s disease, Paratuberculosis, MAP

Transmission:

Introduction of the disease into a non-infected herd will be due to ?

Answer

A

Introduction of the disease into a non-infected herd will be due to replacement animals/herd expansion and those new cattle
coming in with a sub-clinically infected carrier
* A sub-clinically infected carrier will also maintain disease in a herd

Answer 60

A

Pathogenesis: following ingestion bacteria will be uptaken into the Peyer’s patches of the lower SI and infect macrophages in
the GI tract and associated LN’s
* Bacteria will multiple and induce a chronic granulomatous enteritis that interferes with the uptake of nutrients which eventually will
cause cachexia

Answer 61

A

CS in cattle: persistent diarrhea, progressive weight loss, debilitation, eventually death
* Progression: more severe diarrhea, more weight loss, coat color can fade, protein loosing enteropathy will cause edema in the ventral and intermandibular areas, emaciation, death

Answer 62

A

Pathological lesions:
* Thickened and corrugated intestine with enlarged and edematous LN’s, typically the distal SI wall is thickened
* Histo: diffuse granulomatous enteritis with epitheliod macrophages (activated macrophage that resembles epithelial cells), from the mucosa and submucosa of the gut
* Microscopy: acid fast positive organisms within macrophages

Answer 63

A

Live animal: fecal sample, scraping or pinch biopsy from the rectum
Post mortem: direct acid fast stain (always start with this!), confirm with culture (BACTEC) or PCR
DO NOT USE serology (ELISA, gamma interferon assay) b/c not reliable

Answer 64

A

none, test and cull

Answer 65

A

Prevention: fecal sample testing and PCR to look for sub-clinically infected animals (challenging)
In problem herd: hygiene and husbandry to protect calves and prevent new infection
Separate calves from the cow at birth and hand raise on pasteurized milk (M. bovis bacteria are killed, but risk of the calves not building
immunity to other pathogens), keep the calves away from herd for at least 2 years

Answer 66

A

M. lepraemurium is found worldwide and causes a cutaneous disease
* NOT zoonotic or infectious to other animal species

Answer 67

A

Reservoir: rodents
Transmission: bites from infected rodents

Answer 68

A

CS: subcutaneous nodules that are freely movable and typically ulcerate (but not always), found on the
region of the head and/or the limbs

Answer 69

A

Dx: smear from lesion stained with ZN and look for positive rods, histopathological features, PCR, negative
culture from M. bovis (and other opportunistic bacteria)

M. lepraemurium does NOT grow on culture, so if you suspect a cat is infected then perform a culture, if there is
growth then the cat would actually be positive for M. bovis

Answer 70

A

Gram neg. small, non-motile, pleomorphic and OBLIGATE
INTRACELLULAR bacteria that effects blood and endothelial cells
Culturing is not used for diagnostics and has to be done in select tissue
culture or yolk sac of embryonated eggs, stain with Giemsa or diff quick

Answer 71

A

2 genera: Orientia and Rickettsia
* Genus Rickettsia is further divided into Spotted Fever Group and Typhus
Group

Answer 72

A

Arthropod vector borne disease in animals and humans, zoonotically
important
* Resides in a wide range of arthropods (fleas and ticks are the most
common) and is transmitted via the arthropod bite, arthropod feces
inoculation (ex. flea feces in a wound) or inhalation

Answer 73

A

Reservoir: rodents and small mammals
* Susceptible species: humans, dogs, etc.

Answer 74

A

R. rickettsi causes infection in humans, dogs, and other species of
animals
* **Domestic cycle **between humans and dogs and **sylvatic cycle **in wild animals
(very important)

Answer 75

A

Reservoir: rodents and small mammals develop high levels in their blood
Transmission: Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick) and
Dermacentor variabillis vectors

Answer 76

A

Pathogenesis: damage to the endothelial cells initiates vasculitis with
platelet activation, this is followed by thrombocytopenia and ultimately
causes DIC and necrosis

Answer 77

A

CS: dogs can have clinical or subclinical infections
* Fever, depression, anorexia, subcutaneous edema, petechia on mucous
membranes, pain
* Clinically appears like Canine Ehrlichiosis (AKA the CS are very similar between the 2
diseases)

Answer 78

A

R. felis causes disease in cats
worldwide, zoonotic with people
being an incidental host

Answer 79

A

Domestic cycle is maintained in
asymptomatically infected cats
Sylvatic cycle is found in
opossums

Answer 80

A

Transmission: C. felis
Human transmission is not
understood
CS in humans: cutaneous flea
bite reactions, fever, pain,
hyperesthesia (abnormally
sensitive to stimulus),
maculopapular rash

Answer 81

A

R. typhi is found endemically in s**outhern
California and South Texas **and is zoonotic
Domestic and sylvatic cycles
Reservoir: rodents, opossum, cats

Answer 82

A

Transmission: C. felis and Xenopylla (rodent flea)
Infected flea feces and scratched into a wound
(bite wound)
Dogs can be effected by C. felis but they
**CANNOT **get infected with Murine typhus

CS in humans: eschar (dark scab) and lymphadenomegaly (skin lessions)

Answer 83

A

Diagnosis:
CS and flea/tick exposure
ELISA, IFI, agglutination: serology is the most useful
but cross-reaction between species is possible
(Typhus groups and Spotted fever group)
Culture and isolate: BSL3
PCR is useful in reservoirs and vectors, bacteria loads
can be too low in a host
Treatment: Tetracycline, Doxycycline,
Chloramphenicol, Enrofloxacin
Prevention: flea and tick control

Answer 84

A

Obligate INTRACELLULAR aerobic
organisms that parasitize the cell and
form a **morula **or cluster of bacteria
* Leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets,
endothelial cells

Answer 85

A

Host species: humans and domestic
animals
Reservoir: sylvatic cycle in wildlife
Transmission: tick vectors or
trematodes (Neorickettsia)
Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Neoehrlichia,
Neorickettsia

Answer 86

A

Anaplasma phagocytophilum causing Granulocytic Anaplasmosis in
humans, dogs and other domestic species (horses, European cattle,
sheep, goats, llamas, cats)
* Mostly effects **neutrophils, **but maybe eosinophils also

Answer 87

A

Reservoir: small mammals and deer
Amplification: migrating birds (fly to different areas carrying ticks)
Transmission: Ixodes tick vector
Pathogenesis: the bacteria enter the neutrophil and impair the
phagocytic activity, also causes thrombocytopenia (decreased platelet count)
CS: can be self limiting or cause…
Fever, lethargy, headache (humans), musculoskeletal pain
Horses: mild and subclinical edema in the limbs, ataxia, DIC can lead to
rapid fatality
DDx: Lyme disease in dogs

Answer 88

A

Anaplsama platys causes infection in dogs that
are often asymptomatic, but acute infections
can occur

Answer 89

A

Transmission: Rhipicelphalus sanguineus vector (kennel tick)
* Pathogenesis: bacteria enters a platelet and
forms a morula, parasitemia will cause
thrombocytopenic episodes at 1-2 weeks
intervals
* AKA platelets get infected and die, bone marrow
makes more platelets, they also get infected and
die and this cycle continues
* CS: fever, petechia, ecchymosis

Answer 90

A

Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma centrale
cause inapparent disease in endemic areas
(animals are persistently infected for years)
* Calves are often carriers and more resistant to disease
than older cattle

Answer 91

A

Transmission: via vectors like Boophilus tick or biting
flies, also blood contaminated fomites
CS: fever, anemia, icterus,
Up to 50% mortality rate in naïve cattle
Tx: long acting oxytetracycline
Prevention: testing, cull carrier animals, minimize
stress, vaccinate

Q

Kennel tick

Answer 92

A

Ehrlichia canis is found worldwide and infection typically occurs during the warm season when ticks are abundant

Answer 93

A

Reservoir: domestic dog, coyote, fox, jackel
Transmission: Rhipicephalus sanguineus vector
Pathogenesis: ticks acquire the infection by feeding on an infected dog, the tick feeds on a new animal and the
pathogen will invade the host cells and replicate in vacuoles where they are protected from the host immune system

Answer 94

A

Anemia and hyperglobulinemia (increase proteins) due to the infection triggering the inflammatory and immune
processes
Thrombocytopenia: immune mediated destruction and decrease in half-life, overall platelet consumption
Pancytopenia: decrease in all cell lines due to bone marrow suppression in the chronic phase

Answer 95

A

cs: multisystemic disorder when acute, subclinical and chronic phases can be observed
Acute: lasts about 4 weeks and will have thrombocytopenia, fever, lymphadenopathy, spenmegany, ocular and nasal discharge.

subclinical: intermittent fever, thrombocytopenia and anemia that last months to years.

Chronic: fever, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, ocular and nasal discharge, neurologic signs, petechia, edema, potentially fatal

dx: PCR during acute infection, serolory for subclinical infection.

Answer 96

A

Ehrlichia ewingii causes anemia,
thrombocytopenia, and hyperglobulinemia
Acute lameness or polyarthritis
Host species: humans and dogs
Reservoir: white tail deer
Transmission: Ambylomma americanum vector
affects neutrophils

Answer 97

A

Ehrlichia chaffeensis causes thrombocytopenia,
leukopenia, fever, headache and pain
* Reservoir: white tail deer
Transmission: Amblyomma americanum vector

Answer 98

A

Diagnosis:
Tick exposure, CS and lab findings in endemic areas
Cytology of blood smear or tissue aspirates
Ab* Serology (IFI, ELISA) is good for subclinical and
chronic infection, cross-reactivity between bacteria
can occur
Ag* **PCR **of blood or tissue is the preferred method to
confirm infection
Do NOT use culture (time and costs)
Treatment: 28 days of Doxycylcine, transfusion is
severely anemic
Prevention: tick control

Answer 99

A

*neorickettsia bacteria in trematode in snail/arthropod–>fish–>host
Neorickettsia risticii is commonly seen from June to
October (seasonal) and is associated with pasture
bordering rivers
* Disease effects enterocytes and monocytes

Answer 100

A

Transmission: horses drink water containing aquatic insects or snails that are infected with metacercaria
(trematode vector)
Fresh water snails and trematodes, caddieflies, mayflies
Pathology: hemorrhagic enterocolitis
CS: colic, fever, severe diarrhea, anorexia, severe
leukopenia, laminitis, abortion
Dx: PCR of blood or feces
Tx: early diagnosis and Oxytetracycline
Prevention: turn off barn lights to not attract insects that could potentially be ingested, vaccination

Answer 101

A

Neorickettsio Helminthoeca causes desease that will effect the hosts monocytes
* Host species: dogs, polar bears, raccoons, coyotes
* Reservoir: snail
* Transmission: ingestion of raw salmon infected with
the trematode vector
* CS: fever, depression, anorexia, vomiting,
dehydration, hemorrhagic diarrhea,
lymphadenopathy, death in 90% of untreated
dogs
* Dx: fluke eggs, PCR for bacteria in feces, history & geographical location, oregon area
* DDx: Canine parvovirus infection
* Tx: Tetracycline and Praziquantel
* Prevention:** avoid feeding infected fish, snail
control**

Answer 102

A

Gram neg., small, curved bacilli to coccobacilli, pleomorphic, aerobic,** fastidious growth**
There are several species and subspecies within the Bartonella genus and prevalence is greatest in warm
and humid climates
A large variety of mammals can become infected, but Bartonella are highly adapted to preferential
mammalian reservoir hosts or adapted host (AKA the bacteria will evolve with a specific host)
*hide from host in erythrocytes

Answer 103

A

Gram neg., small, curved bacilli to coccobacilli, pleomorphic, aerobic,** fastidious growth**
There are several species and subspecies within the Bartonella genus and prevalence is greatest in warm
and humid climates
A large variety of mammals can become infected, but Bartonella are highly adapted to preferential
mammalian reservoir hosts or adapted host (AKA the bacteria will evolve with a specific host)
*hide from host in erythrocytes

Answer 104

A

Bartonella species specifics
B. henselae induces **neovascularization **(multistep process of making new blood vessels)
Once a host has been infected with a particular strain of Bartonella, the host is immune to reinfection of a
homologous strain
B. bovis is host specific to cattle, but **cats are an incidental **host!!!
In general, Bartonella spp. usually cause asymptomatic intra-erythrocyte bacteremia in the adapted
mammalian host
* Endocarditis might be described in some animal species such as cattle with B. bovis
CAT, DOG & RODENT HOSTS ARE THE MOST ZOONOTIC BARTONELLA SPECIES!!!

__

Answer 105

A

Hemotropic –> has an affinity for
erythrocytes, probably phagocytic cells
Bartonella spp. can be found at the site of
injured tissue due to the inflammatory
process
Nonhemolytic –> hides in erythrocytes and
does not cause blood cell destruction
and then further localizes in the
endothelium
Bacteria is preserved in the cell for efficient
vector transmission, protected from host
immune system, dispersed throughout the
body, challenging for antimicrobials to
reach the bacteria
Persist intracellularly for months to years by
intermittent bacteremia à cycle of
clearance and reoccurrence

Answer 106

A

Causative agent of **Carrion’s disease **in humans seen mostly in Peru, Ecuador and Colombia
Originally thought to cause 2 syndromes, but was later proved to be** 2
stages of disease caused by a single agent**
Oroya fever: acute disease, fever and hemolytic anemia
Verruga Peruana (Peruvian wart): chronic disease causing bloody warts
Transmission: sand flies

Answer 107

A

Causative agent of trench fever which has a 5 day relapsing fever
-seen as a disease of homeless populations
transmission: human body lice
CS: recurring fever, lymphadenopathy, endocarditis
-bacillary andiomatosis in immunocompormised–>red proliferative nudules with vascularization
-sporadic description in dogs and cats

Answer 108

A

Commonly detected and cats are the natural reservoir:
* Bartonella henselae (most prevalent)
* Bartonella clarridgeiae (2nd most prevalent)
* Bartonella koehlerae (3rd most prevalent)
all zoonitic
*Dont cause cs in cats

Answer 109

A

causes bacteremia in healthy cats and is associated with a cat scratch “like” disease in humans.
reservoir: cats
transmission: c. felis-cat flea

Answer 110

A

-not frequently seen
-cats are the source that has been associated with human and canine endocarditis
-no cs in cats
reservoir: cat

Answer 111

A

* Cats are the natural or primary reservoir of B.
henselae, and it will cause bacteremia in healthy
cats
* Bacteremia is chronic and recurrent, so it can persist for
months to years with relapse occurring every several
months
* Zoonotic bacteria causing Cat Scratch Disease in
humans
* Susceptible species: domestic and wild felines,
humans, and many other animals
* Transmission: C. felis (cat flea) vector via feces
* Intradermal inoculation of infected flea feces will result in
infection in cats
* Fleas have an important role in the transmission among
cats!!!

Answer 112

A

Rarely detected in cats and causes Trench
Fever in humans
* Reservoir: humans
* Transmission: human body louse
*only treat cats if immunocompromised owner

Answer 113

A

**Detected in one cat **(suffered from osteomyelitis
and polyarthritis)
Zoonotic
Reservoir: domestic and wild canids

Answer 114

A

Very rare, but was incidentally found in cats
* Not associated with clinical disease in cats
* Reservoir: cattle
* Causes endocarditis in cattle

Answer 115

A

Prevalence of Bartonella in cats is very high in certain
geographical areas
CS in cats:
* Experimentally infected: cats typically have no clinical signs but can show some sporadic and non-specific signs (fever, lethargy, anorexia)
**Naturally infected: **rare to see CS, usually asymptomatic
Endocarditis, myocarditis, uveitis, fever
FeLV worsens the course of the disease
The 3 most common feline-associated species of Bartonella are zoonotic!
Immunocompetent: local, self-limiting signs
Immunocompromised: systemic signs that can be fatal
Occupational risk à veterinarians!
B. henselae is mainly transmitted form cats to humans via cat
scratches
A cat has infected flea excrement under its claws and will
infect a human upon scratching them

Answer 116

A

Canids are the natural reservoir for B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii and B. rochalimae
B. henselae is more **prevalent in dogs **compared the species listed above, and can cause disease in dogs
Long lasting bacteremia in healthy dogs, but **dogs present more clinical disease **compared to cats
Transmission: Rhipicephalus sanguuineus and Ixodes spp. ticks
B. henselae transmission is via C. felis, probably due to cat scratches

Answer 117

A

dogs: various tissues inflammation, endocarditis, myocarditis, vasculitis, vascular proliferation (ex.
Hemangiosarcoma)
* **Infectious endocarditis **in dogs can be caused by several different Bartonella species!
* Chronic cases can result in immunosuppression

Dogs and humans have similar disease cause by Bartonella, therefore it seems that dogs may be the best
animal model to study Bartonella in humans
CS in humans: vasculitis, endocarditis, myocarditis
*CS same in humans and dogs

Answer 118

A

***** Dx: history and flea/tick exposure + clinical signs
* History of scratches in humans, healthy animals should be tested in the case of the owner being immunocompromised
* Cytology is NOT effective
* Serology for cats:
* Measures exposure in humans and animals, but caution cross reactivity with Rickettsia
* Can confirm infection in cats if IgG titers are compared
* PCR for cats and vectors:
* Confirm infection, **blood **is the best sample, more sensitive than culture
* Culture:
* Takes approximately 8 weeks and requires media enriched with BAPGM & chocolate or blood agar, in 5% CO2
* Bartonella alpha proteobacteria media

** Ideal recommendation: combo of PCR screening and culture to increase sensitivity (remember the bacteria hide in the erythrocytes)*
* Tx:
* Healthy cats should NOT be treated, only treat the cats showing clinical signs or if the owner is immunocompromised
* Doxycycline is the most recommended
* Dogs are more likely to show clinical signs
* Doxycycline, Enrofloxacin or Azithromycin

Prevention: NO vaccine available, flea/tick control and routine testing of blood donors

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Block 6 Flashcards

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