Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phase I: H&S > Block 5 > Flashcards

Block 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are activities of daily living?

A
  • everyday tasks and functional activities that are an essential part of life
  • can be categorised as: personal, locomotion, domestic/work, leisure
  • can be assessed and monitored
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the ICDH/WHO definition of impairment?

A

Any temporary or permanent loss or abnormality of a body structure or function whether physiological, psychological. An impairment is a disturbance affecting functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the ICDH/WHO definition of disability?

A

Restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within a range considered normal mostly resulting from impairment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the ICDH/WHO definition of handicap?

A

A disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an impairment or a disability, that limits or prevents the fulfilment of a role that is normal for that individual.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the DPI definition of impairment?

A

Is the functional limitation within the individual caused by: physical, mental or sensory impairment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the DPI definition of disability?

A

Is the loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in the normal life of the community on an equal level with others due to physical and social barriers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Who cares for people with lack of ADLs?

A
  • the individual
  • their family and friends
  • employed carers
  • their GP and primary care team
  • hospital specialists
  • social services
  • voluntary services
  • allied health professionals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name allied health professionals who might be involved in the care of someone with a lack of ADLs

A
  • physiotherapist
  • occupational therapist
  • dieticians
  • orthotists
  • podiatrists
  • radiographers
  • speech and language therapists
  • art therapists
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How can ADLs be assessed?

A
  • observation
  • active listening
  • asking carefully worded questions
  • clinical examinations
  • validated questionnaires
  • specific lab tests (for specific conditions)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give examples of generic/global outcome measures

A
  • Barthel index
  • Functional Assessment Measure
  • SF-36
  • Nottingham Health Profile
  • Health Assessment Questionnaire
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the medical model of disability and it’s effects

A
  • emphasised what was wrong/abnormal in the individual
  • focussed on what they could not do
  • led to separate education, employment and living situations - general exclusion from society
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the criticisms of the medical model of disability?

A
  • views disability as an individual tragedy and fails to account for social barriers
  • positions disability between the doctor and the patients; if the doctor cannot ‘cure’ the disability they will try to ‘treat’ it and if treatment is ‘unsuccessful’ they have the power to remove need for treatment e.g. sign off sick
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the social model of disability

A
  • states that disabled people do not face disadvantage because of impairments but experience discrimination because of the way that society is organised
  • society fails to make activities accessible, remove barriers of assumption, stereotype and prejudice and outlaw unfair treatment
  • lots of emphasis on poorly designed buildings, lack of awareness, prejudiced attitudes etc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the criticisms of the social model of disability?

A
  • only thinks of white, middle class men with spinal injuries and doesn’t recognise the complexity of different disabled peoples lives
  • unrealistic in suggesting that an idyllic society, where impairments cause individuals not problems, can exist
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the effects of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995

A

gives rights to people wit a physical, sensory or mental disability which makes it difficult to carry out normal day to day activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Who is classified as disabled under the Equality Act 2010?

A

anyone with a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long-term negative effect on their ability to do normal daily activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How many people experience disability globally?

A

> 1 billion (prevalence is rising)

18
Q

What is the principle of justice?

A

treating people in a way that is fair and equitable

19
Q

Outline a needs-based approach to healthcare distribution

A

the fairest or most equitable system of healthcare is one where health care is distributed according to those who need it most

20
Q

Outline questions and objects to needs-based approaches of healthcare distribution

A
  • How do we measure need?
  • Who measures need?
  • Whose needs count?
  • Sometimes need is not the only thing that matters e.g. on a needs-based waiting list some people would need get to the top
  • What should be done when patients are in equal need but there are not enough resources to provide for everyone?
21
Q

Outline other criteria for healthcare distribution (other than need)

A
  • quality adjusted life years (QALY) calculation
  • place on the waiting list
  • likelihood of compliance
  • lifestyle-based assessment
22
Q

What are rights?

A
  • justified claims on others
  • correlative duty on other to fulfil that right
  • can be legal rights (e.g. right to vote), moral/natural rights (e.g. right to autonomy), human rights (combination of the two, e.g. right to life)
23
Q

Explain types of rights

A
  • positive rights (e.g. right to healthcare)
  • negative rights (e.g. right not to be assaulted)
  • active rights (e.g. right to strike)
24
Q

Why are rights important?

A
  • provide protective boundaries
  • conducive to good
  • provide minimum standards
  • gives ideal directives
25
Q

What are the main aims of the Human Rights Act 1998?

A
  • bring most of the rights contained in the european convention on human rights (ECHR) into UK law
  • to bring about a new culture of respect for human rights in the UK
26
Q

Which HRA Articles are relevant to healthcare?

A

2 - right to life
3 - prohibition of torture (inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment)
5 - right to liberty and security
8 - right to respect for private and family life
9 - right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion
12 - right to marry and found a family
14 - prohibition of discrimination

27
Q

What are the three types of HRA rights?

A
  • Absolute rights (e.g. 3)
  • Limited rights (e.g. 2, 5, 6)
  • Qualified rights (e.g. 8-12)
28
Q

Define ‘informal carer’

A

A carer (an informal carer) is someone who, without payment, provides help and support to a partner, child, relative, friend or neighbour, who could not manage without their help. This could be due to age, physical or mental illness, addiction or disability.

29
Q

Approximately how many people in the UK are carers?

A

1/10

30
Q

Who is most likely to be an informal carer?

A
  • older people
  • more women than men
  • people in areas with higher levels of deprivation and long-term illness
31
Q

What kind of activities do informal carers help with?

A
  • practical help e.g. preparing food
  • ‘keeping an eye on’ the care recipient
  • provide company
  • provide personal care
  • give medicines
  • provide physical help e.g. getting in and out of bed
32
Q

What is a clinical trial?

A
  • a planned experiment involving patients, designed to determine the most appropriate treatment of future patients with a given medical condition
  • 4 phases
33
Q

Describe the phases of clinical trials

A

I - clinical pharmacology and toxicity : dose finding, safety, side effects, healthy volunteers

II - initial investigation of efficacy : early outcomes, screens for inactive/toxic drugs, further safety, patient volunteers

III - full scale evaluation : comparison with current standard, usually randomised, gold standard for evaluating efficacy

IV - post-marketing surveillance : monitoring for late adverse events, long-term follow up

34
Q

Define bias

A

Systematic distortion of the estimated intervention effect away from the ‘truth’, caused by inadequacies in the design, conduct or analysis of a trial

35
Q

Define selection bias

A

Systematic error in creating intervention groups such that they differ with respect to prognosis.
Also used to mean that the participants are not representative of all possible participants

36
Q

Define ascertainment (detection) bias

A

Systematic distortion of the results of a randomised trial as a result of knowledge of the group assignment by the person assessing outcome, whether that is an investigator or a participant

37
Q

Define performance bias

A

Systematic differences in the care provided to the participants in the comparison groups other than the intervention under investigation

38
Q

Suggest methods of group allocation in RCTs

A
  • odd/even date of birth
  • coin toss
  • random number generator
  • randomisation lists should be prepared and stored confidentially but someone not involved in delivering and assessing the intervention
39
Q

What is allocation concealment?

A

A techniques used to prevent selection bias by concealing the allocation sequence from those assigning participants to groups until the moment of assignment in order to prevent researchers from influencing which participants are assigned which group

40
Q

What is blinding? (Research methods)

A
  • A measure to reduce potential for bias.
  • Can bind allocated intervention and/or outcome assessment
  • Often requires use of placebos
41
Q

What are the features of a profession?

A
  • commitment to serve the public good
  • generalised and systematic knowledge
  • standards are set and there is an element of self-regulation
  • certification or licensing procedure
  • existence of a professional body

Phase I: H&S (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions