Block 5

Question 1

Codeine

Answer 1

Opiate receptor agonist

Mild to moderate pain

Question 2

Pethidine

Answer 2

Opiate receptor agonist

Moderate to severe pain, obstetric analgesia, peri-operative analgesia.

Question 3

Lidocaine

Answer 3

Sodium channel blocker
Local anaesthetic block the initiation and propagation of action potentials by preventing the voltage-dependent increase in sodium conductance. They block conduction in small-diameter nerve fibers (Adelta and C fibers that carry impulses from nociceptors)
Infiltration anaesthesia and surface anaesthesia.

Question 4

Tramadol

Answer 4

Multi target analgesic
Weak mew-opioid receptor agonist and also a weak inhibitor of noradrenaline reuptake
Moderate to severe pain.

Question 5

Arnica Montana

Answer 5

Homeopathic remedy

Hand osteoarthritis

Question 6

Dobutamine

Answer 6

Beta adrenoceptor agonist
Causes a positive inotropic affect (increased contractility), with little effect on rate.
Inotropic support in infarction; cardiac surgery; cardiomyopathies; septic shock; cardiogenic shock.

Question 7

Isoprenaline/isoproterenol

Answer 7

Beta adrenoceptor agonist

Asthma (bronchodilator), although usually replaced with salbutamol.

Question 8

Salbutamol

Answer 8

Beta adrenoceptor agonist
Beta 2 adrenoceptor agonist. Short acting.
Asthma and other conditions associated with reversible airways obstruction; premature labour.

Question 9

Salmeterol

Answer 9

Beta adrenoceptor agonist
Beta 2 adrenoceptor agonist. Fast acting.
Reversible airways obstruction in patients requiring long-term regular bronchodilator therapy; COPD.

Question 10

Noradrenaline

Answer 10

Alpha adrenoceptor agonist
Norepinephrine stimulates alpha adrenoreceptors, increasing BP and cardiac work. They bind to both alpha 1 and alpha 2 adrenoreceptors.
Acute hypotension.

Question 11

Phenoxybenzamine

Answer 11

Alpha adrenoceptor antagonist
Non-selective alpha adrenoceptor antagonist. Also antagonises actions of acetylcholine, histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine.
Hypertensive episodes in phaeochromocytoma (rare tumour of the adrenal glands, causes a release of too much epinephrine and norepinephrine).

Question 12

P razosin

Answer 12

Alpha adrenoceptor antagonist
Selective Alpha 1 adrenoceptor antagonist. Cause vasoldilation and a fall in artial pressure, but less tachycardia occurs than with non-selective alpha receptor antagonists, presumably because they do not increase noradrenaline release from sympathetic nerve terminals.
Hypertension; congestive heart failure.

Question 13

Muscarine

Answer 13

Muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonist
Muscarine is a substance that mimics the effects of stimulating the vagus nerve by acetylcholine (motor parasympathetic actions to the organs from the neck-2nd segment of the transverse colon).
Glaucoma, postoperative ileus, congenital megacolon, and urinary retention.

Question 14

Pilocarpine

Answer 14

Muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonist
Muscarinic agonist, producing effects of parasympathetic stimulation.Agonise muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors, but more potently mACh receptors.
Xerostomia following irradiation for head and neck cancer; dry mouth and dry eyes in Sjogren’s syndrome.