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CWO > Block 4 Networking > Flashcards

Block 4 Networking Flashcards

1
Q

Hub

A

Operates at the physical layer and does not separate collision domains

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2
Q

Repeater

A

Operates at the physical layer and boosts signals, twisted pair max length of 100m

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3
Q

Modem

A

Operates at the physical layer and converts from analog to digital

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4
Q

Media converter

A

Operates at the physical layer and allows connection between different media types

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5
Q

NIC

A

Network Interface Controller, allows physical and data link layer connections

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6
Q

Bridge

A

Operates in the data link layer, reduces amount of traffic on a LAN by dividing collision domains

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7
Q

Switch

A

Operates at the data link layer, each port is a collision domain

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8
Q

Wireless access point

A

Allows wireless access to wired network

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9
Q

Router

A

Operates at the network layer, connects two or more networks by forwarding packets between them, breaks up broadcast domains

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10
Q

How do routers select the best path for network packets

A

Using it’s routing table

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11
Q

Firewall

A

Operates between the network and transport layers, allows monitoring and control of network traffic

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12
Q

How do firewalls work?

A

They act on pre-determined rules to enable a barrier between trusted and untrusted connections and devices

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13
Q

What are the layers in the OSI model?

A

Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application

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14
Q

What are the layers in the old TCP/IP Model?

A

Link, Internet, Transport, Application

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15
Q

What are the layers in the new TCP/IP model?

A

Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Application

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16
Q

What is the PDU of the application layer?

A

Data

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17
Q

What is the PDU of the transport layer?

A

Segment (TCP), Datagram (UDP)

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18
Q

What is the PDU of the network layer?

A

Packet or IP Datagram

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19
Q

What is the PDU of the data link layer?

A

Frame

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20
Q

What is the PDU of the physical layer?

A

Bit

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21
Q

What are some application layer protocols and services?

A

HTTP/S, POP3, SMTP, DNS, FTP, Telnet, SSH

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22
Q

What are some transport layer protocols and services?

A

TCP, UDP

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23
Q

What are some network layer protocols and services?

A

IP, ARP, ICMP, IPv4/Ipv6

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24
Q

What are some application/presentation/session layer devices?

A

Clients, servers, application layer security appliances

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25
Q

What devices operates between the transport and network layers?

A

Firewall

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26
Q

What are some network layer devices?

A

Router, multilayer switch

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27
Q

What are some data link layer devices?

A

Switch, bridge, wireless AP

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28
Q

What device operates between the data link and physical layer?

A

The NIC (Network Interface Controller)

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29
Q

What are some physical layer devices?

A

Hub, modem, repeater, cables, media converters

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30
Q

What are the different network topologies?

A

Bus, ring, star, mesh, hybrid

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31
Q

In a bus topology how many nodes will a failure affect?

A

All of them

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32
Q

Are rings unidirectional or bidirectional?

A

They can be both but if it’s unidirectional a secondary link is needed for redundancy

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33
Q

What two devices can be used to set up a star topology?

A

Switch and hub

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34
Q

If a star topology is set up using a switch it’s a logical what?

A

Star

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35
Q

If a star topology is set up using a hub it’s a logical what?

A

Bus

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36
Q

What are the advantages of a mesh topology?

A

Extremely reliable, provides redundancy and fault tolerance between devices

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37
Q

What are the disadvantages of a mesh topology?

A

High administrative overhead, full mesh requires exponentially more cabling

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38
Q

What are the advantages of a hybrid topology?

A

Flexible, reliable, increased fault tolerance, easy to expand, network faults can be easily diagnosed and corrected without affecting the rest of the network

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39
Q

What are the disadvantages of a hybrid topology?

A

Difficult to manage and expensive

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40
Q

Circuit-Switched Network

A

A sequence of links between two nodes is determined ahead of the actual communication, data is sent as a stream of bits

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41
Q

Packet Switched Network

A

Routers determine packet addressing, processes digital signals and routes information through multiple pathways

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42
Q

In which type of network does each data unit know the entire path address which is provided by the source?

A

Circuit switched

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43
Q

Resource reservation is a feature of what type of network?

A

Circuit switched

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44
Q

In which type of network does each data unit know only the final destination address and the path is determined by routers?

A

Packet switched

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45
Q

Virtual Circuit

A

The process of providing a connection oriented service between two hosts over a packet-switched network (TCP)

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46
Q

Supernetting

A

Routing protocols can summarize address of several networks into one

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47
Q

What are some advantages of supernetting?

A

Shrinks the routing table, improvers routing performance, quicker to send

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48
Q

Discontiguous Network

A

Two networks of the same classful networks are separated by a different network address

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49
Q

What is a limitation of older routing protocols?

A

The do not support discontiguous networks

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50
Q

What are the steps in Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM)?

A
  • Order host requirements from largest to smallest
  • Determine number of host bits needed
  • Create smallest subnet needed for that host requirement
  • Continue until all host requirements are met
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51
Q

What are some features of IPv4 that don’t exist in IPv6?

A

Subnet masks, network address, and broadcast address

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52
Q

What are the first 48 bits of an IPv6 address reserved for?

A

Networking/routing (usually from ISP)

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53
Q

What are bits 49-64 of an IPv6 address used for?

A

Subnets

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54
Q

What are the last 64 bits of an IPv6 address used for?

A

Hosts

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55
Q

In IPv6 once you determine the number of subnet bits you need what number do you add that to to get the mask?

A

48

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56
Q

Who developed the TCP/IP network model?

A

Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA)

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57
Q

Who developed the Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model?

A

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

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58
Q

When was the TCP/IP model adopted?

A

The 1990s

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59
Q

Who developed the TCP/IP model?

A

It was a DoD led effort

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60
Q

What does TCP/IP use to define standardization protocols?

A

Request for Comments (RFC)

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61
Q

What is a Protocol Data Unit (PDU)?

A

Its a generic term for a unit of information being transmitted at a specific layer

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62
Q

What do application layer protocols do?

A

Provide services to the application software running on a computer, defines how programs interface with transport layer, functions include identifying communication partners, determining resource availability, and synchronizing communication

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63
Q

What is the DHCP protocol used for?

A

Assigning IP addresses

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64
Q

What ports does DHCP usually use?

A

UDP port 67 (client to server, broadcast)
UDP port 68 (server to client, unicast)

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65
Q

What will the server assign in DHCP?

A

IP address, lease, subnet mask, default gateway and possibly other options

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66
Q

DHCP uses what process?

A

Discover, Offer, Request, Acknowledge (DORA)

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67
Q

What is the Discover step in the DORA process?

A

Sent by the DHCP client to find a DHCP server (broadcast)

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68
Q

What is the Offer step in the DORA process?

A

Sent by the DHCP server to offer IP address and other parameters (unicast)

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69
Q

How do DHCP servers detect conflicts?

A

By using pings. They ping the address and if someone is using it the server receives a response

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70
Q

What is the Request step in the DORA process?

A

Reply from a client to the server accepting the offer. Contains server ID option so all DHCP servers know an offer was accepted (broadcast)

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71
Q

What is the Acknowledge step in the DORA process?

A

Sent by the DHCP server to acknowledge final phase and deliver DHCP lease information (unicast). Client will ARP new IP to verify it doesn’t overlap another

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72
Q

DNS

A
  • TCP/UDP - port 53
  • Hierarchical naming system
  • Translates domain names into IP addresses
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73
Q

True/False DNS is a world wide service?

A

True

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74
Q

HTTP

A
  • TCP 80 [8008, 8080]
  • Protocol for the internet
  • Request/response
  • In between client and server may be several intermediaries
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75
Q

What does HTTP use for reliability?

A

TCP

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76
Q

How are servers identified in http?

A

URIs and URLs

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77
Q

HTTPS

A
  • TCP 443
  • URI/URL scheme used to indicate a secure HTTP connection
  • Encrypts with digital certificate
  • If NTP is not synchronized cert signing can fail
  • Self signed certs provide confidentiality but don’t confirm identity
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78
Q

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

A
  • Default data TCP 20
  • Control TCP 21
  • Does not encrypt or protect data in transit
  • Does not guarantee identity of sender or receiver
  • Does provide authentication options
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79
Q

TFTP

A
  • UDP port 69
  • Very basic form of FTP
  • Can only read and write files (or mail) from/to server
  • No provisions for user authentication
  • Typically used for storage and retrieval of Cisco IOS and Catalyst switch configuration files
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80
Q

TELNET

A
  • Used for remote terminal connection
  • TCP port 23
  • Non secure
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81
Q

SSH

A
  • Used for remote terminal connection
  • TCP port 22
  • Encrypted remote access
82
Q

NTP

A
  • UDP port 123
  • Synchronize computer clock times in a network
  • can use radio and satellite systems
83
Q

Transport Layer Services

A

Provides services to higher layer protocols and communication session management between hosts

84
Q

What are the transport layer services?

A

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

85
Q

What is the difference between TCP and UDP?

A

Stateful vs Stateless or Connection Oriented vs Connectionless

86
Q

What are the two functions of TCP?

A
  1. Flow control provided by sliding windows
  2. Reliability provided by sequence numbers and acknowledgments
87
Q

What does TCP guarantee?

A
  • Delivery of data
  • Guarantees packets will be delivered in the same order in which they were sent
88
Q

What are some features of TCP?

A
  • Breaks messages into segments
  • Resends anything that is not received
  • Reassembles messages from the segments
  • TCP supplies a virtual circuit between end-user applications
89
Q

What are the first 16 bits of a TCP header?

A

Source port

90
Q

What are bits 16 to 31 of a TCP header?

A

Destination port

91
Q

What are bits 32 to 63 or a TCP header?

A

Sequence number

92
Q

What are bits 64 to 95 of a TCP header?

A

Acknowledgment number

93
Q

What are bits 112 to 127 of a TCP header?

A

Window size

94
Q

What are bits 128 to 143 of a TCP header?

95
Q

How does TCP synchronize?

A
  • Initial Sequence Numbers (ISN)
  • SYN (for synchronize) control bit
  • ACK (for acknowledge) control bit
  • Three was handshake
96
Q

TCP Window Size

A
  • Flow control mechanism
  • # of messages transmitted before ack needed
  • More efficient use of bandwidth
97
Q

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

A

Message based connectionless protocol, non-guaranteed datagram delivery

98
Q

What is the UDP header length?

99
Q

What are the first 16 bits of the UDP header?

A

Source port

100
Q

What are bits 16 to 31 of the UDP header?

A

Destination port

101
Q

What are bits 32 to 47 of the UDP header?

102
Q

What are bits 48 to 63 of a UDP header?

103
Q

What must be depended on for reliability when using UDP?

A

Upper layer protocols

104
Q

What are some protocols that use UDP?

A

TFTP, SNMP, DNS client requests

105
Q

What allows multiple programs to share one connection simultaneously?

106
Q

What identifies which specific services/applications are available for clients to connect to and use?

A

Open TCP/UDP ports

107
Q

What is port 80 normally used for?

A

HTTP using TCP

108
Q

What is port 443 normally used for?

A

HTTPS using TCP

109
Q

What is port 22 normally used for?

A

SSH using TCP

110
Q

What is sockets purpose?

A

They’re used to track different concurrent network sessions

111
Q

What do sockets consist of?

A

IP address, Transport protocol (TCP or UDP), and port number (source and destination)

112
Q

What is the range of well known/system ports?

113
Q

What organization are the well known/system ports controlled by?

A

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

114
Q

What is the range of user/registered ports?

A

1024-49151

115
Q

What is the range for dynamic/ephemeral ports?

A

49152-65535

116
Q

OS’s Windows XP and older can only use dynamic ports up to what number?

117
Q

What is it called when different layers work together on the same system?

A

Adjacent-layer interaction

118
Q

What is it called when one system communicates with the same layer on a different system?

A

Same-layer interaction

119
Q

What is the main protocol of the network layer?

A

Internet protocol (IP)

120
Q

What are common protocols of the network layer?

A

IPv4, IPv6, ARP, ICMP

121
Q

Are IP packets related to each other?

A

No they are treated as independent units without any relation to any other unit of data

122
Q

What is data encapsulated at the network layer called?

A

IP payload

123
Q

What are the maximum and minimum lengths of an IP header?

A

60 bytes max, 20 bytes min

124
Q

What are the two main parts of an IPv6 packet?

A

The header and the payload

125
Q

How long is an IPv6 header?

A

The first 40 bytes

126
Q

What is the first thing in an IPv6 header?

A

A 4 bit tag indicating the version

127
Q

What are bits 4-11 of an IPv6 header?

A

Traffic class

128
Q

What are bits 12-31 of an IPv6 header?

A

Flow label, used for Q0S management

129
Q

What are bits 32 to 47 of an IPv6 header?

A

Payload length

130
Q

What are bits 48 to 55 of an IPv6 header?

A

Next header

131
Q

What are bits 56 to 63 of an IPv6 header?

132
Q

What are bits 64 to 191 of an IPv6 header?

A

Source address

133
Q

What are bits 192 to 319 of an IPv6 header?

A

Destination address

134
Q

What are the two parts of the contents of an IPv6 packet?

A

Extension header and upper layer protocol data unit (payload)

135
Q

What are IPv6 extension headers used for?

A

To move fields that are variable length from IPv4 headers into the packet

136
Q

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

A
  • Maps a known IP address to a MAC sub-layer address
  • Allows communication on ethernet LAN
  • Determines a destination address for a packet by checking the ARP cache table
  • Sends broadcast if the destination is unknown
137
Q

What is local ARP?

A

Resolve an address when both host and destination share the same media or wire

138
Q

ICMP

A
  • Provides feedback about problems in the network
  • Usually formed from a normal IP packet that has generated an ICMP response
139
Q

How does data link encapsulation and addressing (MAC) handle errors?

A

It detects them but does not recover

140
Q

Frame Check Sequence (FCS)

A

Provides a method for receiving NIC to determine whether the frame experienced transmission errors

141
Q

What happens if the data link layer detects an error?

A

The receiver discards the frame

142
Q

What are the primary protocols of the data link layer?

A

Ethernet and PPP

143
Q

Physical Address (MAC)

A
  • Hardware address, ethernet address
  • Burned into card
  • Can’t be changed but can be spoofed
144
Q

What is the breakdown of MAC addresses?

A
  • 48 bits in length
  • First 6 hex digits identify the manufacturer or vendor - Organizational Unique Identifier (OUI)
  • Remaining 6 hex digits identify the interface serial number
145
Q

Ethernet Frame

A

Encapsulated data defined by the network access layer

146
Q

What are the parts of an ethernet frame?

A

Preamble, Start Frame Delimiter (SFD), Destination MAC, Source MAC, Type, Data and Pad, Frame Check Sequence (FCS)

147
Q

Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)

A

Defines standards for physically connected Local Area Networks (LAN)

148
Q

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)

A

Prevents frame loops within a switched network

149
Q

Physical Layer

A

Encodes a signal onto a medium to transmit the frame

150
Q

What are some IEEE 802.3 media types?

A

Coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, UTP & STP, connectors & wiring schemes, fiber optic cable

151
Q

What are the types of Twisted Pair Cabling?

A

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) and Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

152
Q

How many pairs of copper wire are in twisted pair cable?

153
Q

Why are twisted pair cables twisted?

A

To reduce EMI

154
Q

What is the standard ending for twisted pair cable?

A

RJ-45 connectors and ports

155
Q

Straight Through Cables

A

Connects “unlike” devices

156
Q

Crossover Cables

A

Connects “like” devices

157
Q

What are the two modes of fiber?

A

Single mode fiber (SMF) and multi mode fiber (MMF)

158
Q

Which is cheaper, single mode fiber or multi mode fiber?

A

Multimode fiber

159
Q

Encapsulation

A

The process of adding headers (and sometimes trailers) around data

160
Q

De-encapsulation

A

The process of inspecting and removing headers to process data inside

161
Q

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

A

Non-profit professional association for the advancement of technology

162
Q

What are the 802 categories?

A

Authentication, ethernet, wireless, WPAN, Bluetooth, WMAN

163
Q

802.1x

A

Authentication mechanism for devices wishing to connect to LAN/WLAN, provides protection for other types such as remote access and VPN

164
Q

What 802 category deals with authentication?

165
Q

802.3

A

Ethernet, defines standard for physically connected networks, most common implementation of linear bus topology

166
Q

What 802 category deals with ethernet?

167
Q

CSMA/CD

A
  • Carrier: the network signal
  • Sense: the ability to detect
  • Multiple Access: all devices have equal access
  • Collision: what happens if devices send at once
  • Detection: how to handle collision
168
Q

How does the CSMA/CD process work?

A
  • Device waits until line is free but collisions still occur
  • If a collision occurs randomly select a hold time then retransmits
169
Q

What are the different ethernet address categories?

A

Unicast, broadcast, multicast

170
Q

Switch Address Learning

A
  • an ethernet switch learns the MAC address of devices attached to each of its port
  • the source MAC address to a physical port mappings are stored in a MAC database (CAM table, MAC address table)
171
Q

Forward/Filter Decision

A
  • Switch receives a frame
  • Consult the MAC database
  • If found the frame is sent only to that port
  • If not found the frame is flooded out all other ports
172
Q

Collision Domain

A

Domain in which a frame sent by one NIC could result in a collision with a frame sent by another NIC

173
Q

Broadcast Domain

A

Domain in which a broadcast frame sent by one NIC is received by all other NICs

174
Q

What are the consideration when designing a LAN?

A
  • Collison/broadcast domains
  • Total devices per collision domain
  • Issue of broadcasts
  • Segment large LAN w/routers
175
Q

802.11

A

Wireless, a set of MAC and physical specification for implementing Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

176
Q

What 802 category deals with wireless?

177
Q

IPv4 Addresses

A

Each source and destination address field contains a 32 bit address

178
Q

Private IP Addresses

A
  • Non-routable on public networks or internet
  • 1 range per class
179
Q

What is the private IP range for Class A networks?

A

10.0.0.0/8

180
Q

What is the private IP range for Class B networks?

A

172.16-31.0.0/12

181
Q

What is the private IP range for Class C networks?

A

192.168.0.0/16

182
Q

What are the types of special purpose IPv4 addresses?

A

Loopback and APIPA

183
Q

What is a loopback address?

A
  • 127.0.0.1/8
  • Represents this computer
  • Logical not physical
184
Q

What is the APIPA address?

A
  • 169.254.0.0/16
  • An automatically assigned private IP address
  • Allows host communication (LAN only) when no DHCP server exists or cannot be reached
185
Q

What organization assigns classful IP addresses?

A

The American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN)

186
Q

What are the benefits of IPv6?

A
  • Increase the amount of IP addresses available
  • Better security (IPSEC)
  • Network Address Translation (NAT) optional
  • Simpler header format
  • More efficient routing
  • Easier administration
187
Q

What makes up a IPv6 address?

A

128 bits represented as 8 groups of 4 hex digits

188
Q

IPv6 Abbreviation

A
  • Consecutive zeros replaced with :: only once
  • Leading zeros within a group can be removed
189
Q

What is the IPv6 loopback address?

190
Q

::

A

Unspecified IPv6 address used for addressing purposes within software

191
Q

Types of IPv6 addresses?

A
  • Classified by scopes (where they can communicate)
  • Global unicast (globally routable)
  • Unique local address (same as private address in IPv4)
  • Link local (routable within a broadcast domain)
  • Interfaces can have multiple IPv6 addresses assigned to them (1 global/1 local)
192
Q

::FFFF/96

A

IPv4 embedded into IPv6

193
Q

::/128

A

Unspecified (0.0.0.0 IPv4 equivalent)

194
Q

::1/128

A

Loopback (127.0.0.1 IPv4 equivalent)

195
Q

FE80::/10

A

Link local (169.254.0.0/16 IPv4 equivalent)

196
Q

FC00::/8, FD00::/8

A

Unique local (10.0.0.0/8 IPv4 equivalent)

197
Q

2000::/3

A

Global Unicast (public IP IPv4 equivalent)

198
Q

FF00::8

A

Multicast (224.0.0.0/4 IPv4 equivalent)

199
Q

IPv6 Anycast

A

Typically used to locate the nearest server offering a specific service (DNS, DHCP, HTTP)

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