Block 4 Flashcards
Which antidepressants are used in PTSD? Which one is for long-term?
Sertraline + Paroxetine
Sertraline is for long-term use
How do SSRIs affect PTSD symptoms that other rx dont?
“Numb” the symptoms
Remission of PTSD is defined as…
Adequate? Partial?
Remission: >70% reduced symptoms
Adequate: >50
Partial: 25-50%
What are the FDA approved Rx for OCD?
Sertraline, Paroxetine
Clomipramine, fluvoxamine, fluoxetine
Cognitive behavioral therapy is recommended for whom in OCD? Meds?
Everyone
Meds for moderate-severe OCD
Why are SSRIs picked over clomipramine for OCD?
Clomipramine has anticholinergic effects, wt gain, CV issues, and sedation
If SSRI failed for OCD, whats next?
Another SSRI
Treatment resistance in OCD is defined as…
Decrease 25% from baseline YBOCS score
Which Rx should be avoided in special pop for OCD?
Clomipramine
PK of which Rx for OCD is not altered by renal failure pt?
Sertraline
Pregnancy and OCD, whats recommended?
Behavioral therapy first, then fluoxetine
What is a typical regimen for OCD?
SSRI + antipsychotic
Where does clomipramine fall in the regimen for OCD?
Second line treatment
Clomipramine monitoring?
LFTs
BP
If they have fever or sore throat, WBC
Seizures (dose dependent)
What are the major groups found in the sleep cycle? How long is it?
REM + NonREM
70-120 min
DMS-5 of Primary insomnia
Difficulty or maintaining sleep for at least 3 months AND 3 nights/week
Which Rx is FDA approved for insomnia maintenance?
Doxepin
Which antidepressants can be used in insomnia?
Amitriptyline and trazodone
Zolpidem MOA? Zaleplon?
Both binds to BZ-1 receptors, Zaleplon has shorter half life
Zolpidem only; Lower doses in women vs men
What special about Eszopiclone vs zolpidem and zaleplon?
FDA approved for up to 6 months
Special counseling info for ramelteon?
Take within 30 min before you sleep + do NOT take w/ food
Same w/ OX-1 antagonists
What is sleep apnea?
Doesnt breathe for at least 10 sec while sleep
Mild: 5-15/hr
Moderate: 15-30/hr
Severe: >30
Narcolepsy monitoring and genes?
Hypocretin : <110
Chromo 4p13-q21, HLA antigen
Which stimulants are used for cataplectic symptoms of narcolepsy?
None; use TCAs, SSRI, SNRIs, Selegiline
Low to moderate drinkers consume how much alcohol?
<20g/day
Consumption of how much alcohol has a higher risk of CHD?
> 70g/day
Or binge drinking >5 drinks in less than 2hrs
Are toxic alcohols directly toxic?
No, they are inebriating except for isopropanol
Metabolism of Ethylene glycol?
Via alcohol dehydrogenase, forms glycolaldehyde and then to glycolate via aldehyde dehydrogenase then to oxlate via thiamine, magnesium and pyridoxine
Metabolism of methanol?
Via alcohol dehydrogenase forms formaldehyde and then Formate via aldehyde dehydrogenase
Metabolism of isopropanol?
Via alcohol dehydrogenase forms acetone
Osmolarity equation
2Na + (BUN/2.8) + (Glucose/18)
+(EtOH/4.6) if alcohol toxicity
Anion gap equation
Na - Cl - HCO3
Gap present if >12
How to calculate osmol gap?
Measured-Calculated
Normal MEASURED = 285-300
Normal gap = 10-20
How do you interpret which alcohol toxicity is given with anion and osmolar gap?
Anion AND Osmolar gap exist? Any toxicity except isopropyl
Just osmolar gap? Isopropyl toxicity
Ethylene glycol is typically found in what?
Antifreeze, brake fluid
Fluorescein in antifreeze is what is detectable in urine
How much ethylene glycol should someone be sent to a hospital?
10-30ml, but 100ml is considered “toxic”
Ethylene glycol toxicity phases?
I = CNS (30min to 12hrs)
II = Metabolic (12-24hrs)
III = Renal (2-3days)
How do you treat early ethylene toxicity?
Nasogastric aspiration (if less than one hr)
Sodium bicarb if acidosis is life-threatening
How do you manage ethylene glycol toxicity?
Ethanol and fomepizole (adjust fomepizole if HD) to inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase (lvls have to be >20)
Shunting therapy
Hemodialysis
How much methanol is considered toxic?
Found in windshield fluid
15ml (cell death, increases formic acid and blindness)
Methanol level >25
How does formic acid transform to water and carbon dioxide?
Via folate