Block 3 Quiz Questions Flashcards by Olivia Clare Johnson

When it comes to essential hypertension in Metabolic Syndrome, it is suggested that __________ and __________ may be responsible for the development of this core component by increasing central sympathetic outflow, causing peripheral vasoconstriction, and more.

a) glucose intolerance and insulin resistance
b) dyslipidemia and glucose intolerance
c) dyslipidemia and hyperinsulinemia
d) insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia

d) insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia

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Which of the following is neither a core component nor an additional component of Metabolic Syndrome?

a) hyperinsulinemia
b) hyperkeratosis
c) adipocyte dysfunction
d) microalbuminuria
e) dyslipidemia

b) hyperkeratosis

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Which of the following statements about Metabolic Syndrome is false?

a) It is a cluster of pathologies that increases the risk for CVD
b) It is also known as Syndrome X and Insulin Resistance Syndrome
c) Excess visceral fat is a greater risk factor than excess subcutaneous fat
d) The onset of symptoms is typically very rapid

d) The onset of symptoms is typically very rapid

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The tissue type primarily responsible for peripheral glucose disposal and for whole-body insulin resistance is:

a) skeletal muscle
b) cardiac muscle
c) neural tissue
d) smooth muscle
e) the liver

a) skeletal muscle

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Of the following pairs of components, which are the earliest that arise with Metabolic Syndrome?

a) insulin resistance and hypertension
b) dyslipidemia and hyperinsulinemia
c) hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance
d) impaired glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia

c) hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance

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True or False: Individuals with a 2-hour glucose level above 200 mg/dL during an OGTT can be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.

True

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True or False: Skeletal muscle is a major organ for both the removal of glucose from the bloodstream and the delivery of glucose into the bloodstream following glycogen breakdown.

False

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True or False: Reactive oxygen species cause cellular dysfunction and do not play a role in normal growth and metabolism.

False

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True or False: Glucose that enters the bloodstream from the intestines is first processed and detected by the pancreas.

False

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True or False: Release of adiponectin from fat cells would promote the development of cardiovascular associated defects and impairments in Metabolic Syndrome.

False

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True or False: Phosphorylation events become less common throughout the subsequent stages of cellular signal transduction.

False

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Which of the following statements regarding signal transduction is FALSE?

a) Phosphorylation of proteins is a critical (and quite common) componenet of signal transduction in cells.
b) Signal transduction is used by the body to change the function of cells.
c) The use of second messengers allows for signal transduction events to be amplified in the cell.
d) Signal transduction relies excluslively on cell surface receptors in order to change cellular behavior.

d) Signal transduction relies excluslively on cell surface receptors in order to change cellular behavior.

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True or False: A chemical messenger secreted by one cell and acting on the same cell in the same tissue is an example of paracrine communication.

False

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Enzymes which remove phosphates from cellular proteins are called __________, whereas enzymes which add phosphates to cellular proteins are called __________.

a) kinases; phosphodiesterases
b) phosphatases; kinases
c) phosphatases; phosphodiesterases
d) kinases; phosphatases

b) phosphatases; kinases

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What mechanism of cell-cell communication can occur between receptors on a singular cell?

a) endocrine
b) autocrine
c) paracrine

b) autocrine

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ACh receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that permit the movement of what ion when ACh binds?

a) Na+
b) Cl-
c) K+
d) Ca2+

a) Na+

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When a ligand binds to a GPCR, the activated GPCR becomes capable to doing what for G proteins?

a) It can now greatly promote GTP hydrolysis by the α subunit of the G protein.
b) It can now enable the α subunit of the G protein to re-associate with a nearby βγ subunit of the G protein.
c) It can now enable a new GTP molecule from the cytoplasm to replace the old GDP molecule bound to the α subunit of the G protein.
d) It can now promote the GTP hydrolysis activity of the βγ subunit of the G protein so that GDP is produced.

c) It can now enable a new GTP molecule from the cytoplasm to replace the old GDP molecule bound to the α subunit of the G protein.

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Adenylate cyclase uses the substrate _____ to form the second messenger chemical _____, and the increase in this second messenger chemical causes the activation of the enzyme named _____.

a) ATP; cADPR; PLC
b) GTP; m7G; PLC
c) GTP; cGMP; PKG
d) ATP; cAMP; PKA

d) ATP; cAMP; PKA

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The α subunits of the _____ subfamily of G proteins interact with (and stimulate) adenylate cyclase when activated.

a) Gs
b) Gi
c) Gq, 11
d) G12, 13

a) Gs

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The α subunits of the _____ subfamily of G proteins interact with phospholipase C (PLC) when activated.

a) Gs
b) Gi
c) Gq, 11
d) G12, 13

c) Gq, 11

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True or False: The synthesis and secretion of insulin and glucagon takes place in the exocrine pancreas.

False

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In Metabolic Syndrome, which of the following characteristics of cardiovascular disease (CVD) begins to develop before the deterioration of insulin secretory function (and thus before any transition to a diabetic state)?

a) elevated hepatic glucose production (HGP)
b) elevated fasting blood glucose levels
c) microvascular complications such as retinopathy and nephropathy
d) atherogenesis

d) atherogenesis

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Which organ/tissue is the major one responsible for peripheral disposal of glucose in response to the glucose level rise caused by consumption of a carbohydrate-containing meal?

a) the liver
b) skeletal muscle
c) adipose tissue
d) the hypothalamus

b) skeletal muscle

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Which of the following is a correct statement about the liver and glucose homeostasis?

a) It is able to process nutrients from the intestines via the hepatic-portal circulation, but only after those nutrients are first sensed by endocrine pancreas.
b) It breaks down stored glycogen to glucose in a process called gluconeogenesis.
c) It stores glucose carbons primarily as fat in its hepatocytes.
d) It modulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in response to insulin and glucagon.

d) It modulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in response to insulin and glucagon.

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Metabolic syndrome develops over the course of many years. An increase in _______ likely initiates the condition, with early subsequent defects being _______ and _______. Other core components develop thereafter, resulting in a progressively increasing risk of heart attack or stroke. a) central adiposity; insulin resistance; compensatory hyperinsulinemia b) insulin resistance; central adiposity; compensatory hyperinsulinemia c) dyslipidemia; essential hypertension; impared glucose tolerance (IGT) d) impared glucose tolerance (IGT); essential hypertension; dyslipidemia

a) central adiposity; insulin resistance; compensatory hyperinsulinemia

From the list below, identify the adipokine which can positively affect insulin action in a variety of cell types, including myocytes. a) resistin b) adiponectin c) TNF-α d) angiotensinogen

b) adiponectin

What statement about protein phosphorylation is true? a) It can be reversed by phosphodiesterases. b) It occurs on serine, threonine and tyrosine amino acid residues. c) It requires inorganic phosphate in addition to ATP for the enzymatic reaction. d) It can only increase the catalytic activity of enzymes.

b) It occurs on serine, threonine and tyrosine amino acid residues.

To modulate the function of target cells, successful cell-cell communication involves receptor-ligand binding, _______ and _______. a) receptors which act as transcription factors; modification of gene expression in order to make any change to cell function. b) receptors which act as transcription factors; modifications to existing proteins as well as modification to gene expression in order to change cell function. c) signal transduction via second messengers; modification of gene expression in order to make any change to cell function. d) signal transduction via second messengers; modifications to existing proteins as well as modification to gene expression in order to change cell function.

d) signal transduction via second messengers; modifications to existing proteins as well as modification to gene expression in order to change cell function.

For the signal transuction process, the "transmission and modulation" steps specificially involve a) the amplification of intracellular signaling due to multiple steps, for example by the phosphorylation of effector proteins or enzymes b) binding of the ligand to the plasma membrane receptor c) the modification of cellular function in highly specific ways d) the activation of the plasma membrane receptor and then production and action of a second messenger

a) the amplification of intracellular signaling due to multiple steps, for example by the phosphorylation of effector proteins or enzymes

Which component (core or additional) of Metabolic Syndrome can be defined as the inability to properly manage an increase in blood glucose levels? a) impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) b) essential hypertension c) dyslipidemia d) hepatic steatosis

a) impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)

Insulin increase glucose transport into skeletal muscle cells by: a) increasing translocation of GLUT-4 containing vesicles to the plasma membrane b) activation of AMPK c) increasing the synthesis of new GLUT-4 molecules d) increase the transport capacity of each individual GLUT-4 molecule

a) increasing translocation of GLUT-4 containing vesicles to the plasma membrane

The insulin receptor is an integral part of the insulin signaling cascade. Which of the following statements is true regarding the insulin receptor? a) the insulin receptor is a tyrosine phosphatase. b) the insulin receptor can only phosphorylate itself to stimulate a signal downstream. c) insulin binds to the cystein rich domains of the beta-subunits, thereby enhancing, via a specific conformation change, the tyrosine kinase activity of the alpha-subunits. d) the insuline receptor is a monomer, consisting of 2 extracellular alpha-subunits that bind the hormone and two trasmembrane beta-subunits. e) the insulin receptor is a heterotetramer, consisting of 2 extracellular alpha-subunits that bind the hormone and 2 transmembrane beta-subunits.

e) the insulin receptor is a heterotetramer, consisting of 2 extracellular alpha-subunits that bind the hormone and 2 transmembrane beta-subunits.

The Km of GLUT4 is lower than the Km of GLUT2, which means that glucose transport via GLUT4 will saturate...? a) at a higher glucose concentration than GLUT2 b) not enough information (Km only refers to enzyme kinetics) c) at a lower glucose concentration than GLUT2 d) at the same glucose concentration as GLUT2

c) at a lower glucose concentration than GLUT2

Which of the following statements about IRS proteins is false? a) tyrosine-phosphorylated IRS acts as a docking protein to regulated downstream signaling factors. b) IRS proteins are phosphorylated on tyrosine residues by the activated insulin receptor c) tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS increase the enzymatic activity of the IRS protein d) tyrosine-phosphorylated IRS can proprgate signaling to modulate numerous aspects of cell metabolism, such as glucose transport, glycogen synthesis, lipid synthesis, and protein synthesis

c) tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS increase the enzymatic activity of the IRS protein

Which of the following statements about the transport of glucose across the endothelium of capillaries in skeletal muscle is/are FALSE? a) How much glucose is delivered across the endothelium to the skeletal muscle cells can influence the rate glucose transport by the muscle cells. b) This transendothelial glucose transport can be directly increased by insulin. c) Increased blood flow to the capillary can increase glucose transport to the extracellular space. d) This transendothelial glucose transport is mediated by the GLUT-1 isoform.

b) This transendothelial glucose transport can be directly increased by insulin.

Serine phosphorylation is known to impair the functionality of insulin signaling. Which of the following kinases cannot initiate this effect? a) p38 MAPK b) GSK-3beta c) JNK d) PI3K

d) PI3K

True or false: Only IRS-1 is affected by the up-regulation of PKCtheta activity caused by free fatty acids (FFAs).

False

Which of the following is the main site of dysfunction in the myocyte insulin signaling cascade? a) PDK1 b) PKB/AKT c) IRS-1 d) PIP2

c) IRS-1

Glucose delivery to skeletal muscle tissue is reduced in the Metabolic Syndrome due to all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT: a) reduced NO-stimulated vasodilation of arterioles b) less blood flow to the capillaries perfusing the muscle c) impaired insulin stimulation of eNOS in smooth muscle cells d) decreased transendothelial glucose transport via GLUT-1

c) impaired insulin stimulation of eNOS in smooth muscle cells

An inhibitor of the serine kinase GSK-3beta will have all of the following effects on insulin-resistant skeletal muscle except: a) reduced serine kinase activity of GSK-3beta b) decreased serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 in the presence of insulin c) decreased insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation d) increased insulin-stimulated glucose transport

c) decreased insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation

Which of the following kinases is activated by an increase in plasma FFAs? a) PKCθ b) p38 MAPK c) JNK d) IKKβ

a) PKCθ

Phosphorylation of which amino acid results in negative modulation of insulin receptor signaling activity when insulin is bound? a) tyrosine b) serine c) alanine d) lysine

b) serine

Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) by __________ during insulin signaling in skeletal muscle, prevents phosphorylation of glycogen synthase (GS) by GSK-3. This results in __________ of glycogen synthesis. a) PDK; inhibition b) PDK; stimulation c) PKB/Akt; stimulation d) PKB/Akt; inhibition

c) PKB/Akt; stimulation

Which of the following influences is clearly not involved in the activation of stress kinases which increase insulin resistance in skeletal muscle? a) decreased activity of eNOS in response to insulin binding in endothelial cells b) increased concentration of inflammatory factors in the blood c) hyperglycemia d) increased concentration of free fatty acids in the blood

a) decreased activity of eNOS in response to insulin binding in endothelial cells

Reducing the concentration of FFAs in the bloodstream will lead to less __________ phosphorylation of __________ by PKCθ. a) tyrosine; IRS alone b) tyrosine; both IR and IRS c) serine; both IR and IRS d) serine; IRS alone

c) serine; both IR and IRS

Which of the following events turns a G protein "off" in that it prevents the Gα subunit from interacting with effectors? a) the bound GDP molecule is exchanged for a new GTP molecule within the α-subunit. b) the α-subunit of the G-protein dissociates from the βγ-subunit. c) the G-protein dissociates from the receptor. d) GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP on the α-subunit.

d) GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP on the α-subunit.

Which chemical second messenger is produced by activated phospholipase C (PLC)? a) ceramide b) both DAG and IP3 c) PIP3 d) cAMP

b) both DAG and IP3

The insulin receptor is which type of catalytic receptor? a) tyrosine kinase b) guantylate cyclase c) tyrosine phosphatases d) serine/threonine kinase

a) tyrosine kinase

Which of the following enzymes involved in insulin signaling adds phosphates to phospholipids in order to create interaction partners for other proteins to bind to? a) GSK-3β b) PDK c) PI3K d) PKB/Akt

c) PI3K

True or False: Insulin can bind to receptors on the smooth muscle cells of arterioles which supply blood to the capillary beds of the skeletal muscle tissue. In doing so, insulin will activate nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in those smooth muscle cells, leading to nitric oxide production and vasodilation.

False

Exercise results in increased sympathetic nerve activity to the pancreas which is associated with decreased insulin secretion by the Beta cells. Which of the following is NOT involved in that process? a) Gq b) cAMP c) Norepinephrine d) G-protein coupled receptors e) PKA

a) Gq

Which second messenger chemical is a major player in the signal transduction pathway through which glucose stimulates release of insulin by β cells of the endocrine pancreas? a) DAG b) PIP2 c) Ca2+ d) cAMP

c) Ca2+

Which of the following is not a cell type expressed in the Islet of Langerhans? a) delta b) gamma c) F d) alpha

b) gamma

When glucose levels in the blood rise, the resulting increase in ATP concentration within β cells __________ the closing of ATP-sensitive K+ channels in the plasma membrane. a) increases/promotes b) decreases/prevents c) has no effect on

a) increases/promotes

High levels of glucose will have all of the following effects on the Alpha cell EXCEPT? a) activation of Na+ channels and membrane depolarization b) lack of the opening of Ca2+ channels and no change in intracellular Ca2+ levels c) inhibition of glucagon release d) increased glucose entry via transport using GLUT-1

a) activation of Na+ channels and membrane depolarization

Sympathetic signaling to α-cells involves the binding of NE to α1-adrenergic receptors. These receptors are GPCRs that are coupled to a subfamily of G proteins which causes downstream elevations of Ca2+ in the cytoplasm. Given this information, with which subfamily of G proteins must these GPCRs be coupling? a) Gs b) Gi c) Gq, 11 d) G12, 13

c) Gq, 11

Which phase of dysfunction in the secretory capacity of pancreatic β-cells in the Metabolic Syndrome is the direct result of acute exposure of these cells to high levels of FFAs and/or glucose in the bloodstream? a) the decompensatory hypoinsulinemia phase b) the relative β-cell failure phase c) the compensatory hyperinsulinemia phase d) the relative β-cell hyperplasia phase

b) the relative β-cell failure phase

Sulfonylureas have beneficial effects on β-cells by binding to __________ and causing them to __________. a) GIRK channels; close b) GLUT-1 carriers; open c) GLUT-2 carriers; open d) KATP channels; close

d) KATP channels; close

Parasympathetic signaling to β-cells involves the binding of ACh to muscarinic receptors. These receptors are GPCRs that are coupled to a subfamily of G proteins which causes downstream elevations of Ca2+ in the cytoplasm. Given this information, with which subfamily of G proteins must these GPCRs be coupling? a) Gs b) Gi c) Gq, 11 d) G12, 13

c) Gq, 11

Low levels of glucose, as seen by the pancreas, will result in all of the following, EXCEPT a) glucagon release b) sodium channel activation in the alpha cell c) quiescent beta cells d) beta cell depolarization

d) beta cell depolarization

Which phase of dysfunction in the secretory capacity of pancreatic β-cells in the Metabolic Syndrome is the result of the loss of β-cell mass? a) the decompensatory hypoinsulinemia phase b) the relative β-cell failure phase c) the compensatory hyperinsulinemia phase d) the relative β-cell hyperplasia phase

c) the compensatory hyperinsulinemia phase

In the face of long-term elevations in FFAs and/or glucose, the mitochondrial dysfunction evident in β-cells during the relative β-cell failure phase leads to __________ in ATP production and a corresponding __________ in the release of insulin. a) increase; increase b) decrease; increase c) decrease; decrease d) increase; decrease

c) decrease; decrease

True or False: There is a genuine dysfunction in the glucagon secretory mechanism of α-cells of the pancreas in the Metabolic Syndrome.

False

True or False: Hormones secreted from the respective cells in the pancreas are delivered to the hepatic-portal circulation by the pancreatic duct.

False

True or False: Pancreatic beta cells are able to sense elevations in blood glucose levels because of increased GLUT-4 translocation to the plasma membrane.

False

Based on our limited body of knowledge regarding the details of Alpha cell regulation during the development of type 2 diabetes, which the following is FALSE? a) SNS overactivity will affect α-adrenergic receptors on the α-cell, increasing glucagon release. b) just like β-cells, under oxidative stress α-cells are targeted by the apoptotic activity of caspases. c) preserved function of α-cells in the absence of sufficient insulin secretion by β-cells can exacerbate hyperglycemia. d) glucagon release by α-cells can increase as local insulin levels decrease due to a removal of inhibition.

b) just like β-cells, under oxidative stress α-cells are targeted by the apoptotic activity of caspases.

True or False: The onset of the phase of β cell failure coincides with the transition from a state of impaired glucose tolerance to overt type 2 diabetes.

True

Which of the following is associated with the short-term (acute) effects of a rise in plasma FFA's? a) β-cell apoptosis b) mitochondrial dysfunction c) decreased mitochondrial production of ATP d) more insulin release by the β cell

d) more insulin release by the β cell

Sulfonylureas were developed to help overcome insulin resistance and prevent/control hyperglycemia. These drugs do the job of _____ by binding to and closing a ______. a) ATP; Na+ channel b) glucose; mitochondria c) potassium; Ca2+ channel d) ATP; K+ channel

d) ATP; K+ channel

True or False: For Metabolic Syndrome, the increase in insulin resistance happens simultaneously with both the increase in secretion of insulin and the elevation of fasting plasma glucose.

False

When activated by the insulin signaling pathway, PP1G will increase the activity of ______ and decrease the activity of ______. a) p38 MAPK, PEPCK b) glycogen synthase, glycogen phosphorylase a c) PI3K, Akt d) GSK-3, glycogen synthase

b) glycogen synthase, glycogen phosphorylase a

True or False: The movement of glucose into or out of the hepatocyte depends on the hormone-mediated availability of GLUT-2 transporters. Specifically, GLUT-2 is inserted into the plasma membrane, or removed from it, depending on the presence, or absence, of insulin.

False

True or False: GSK-3 and GS are inactive when phosphorylated.

True

True or False: Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver.

True

Which of the following proteins is an enzyme which catalyzes one of the rate-limiting steps for gluconeogenesis in liver cells? a) GSK-3β b) PEPCK c) glycogen phosphorylase a d) hexokinase

b) PEPCK

The primary impact of insulin acting on hepatocytes is the ___________ of glycogen synthesis and the _____________ of both glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis. Thus overall, insulin leads to a(n) ___________ in hepatic glucose production (HGP). a) stimulation; suppression; decrease b) stimulation; suppression; increase c) inhibition; suppression; increase d) stimulation; stimulation; decrease

a) stimulation; suppression; decrease

When does HGP normally become elevated in the course of the development of the Metabolic Syndrome and type 2 diabetes? a) begins to develop once Beta cell failure starts. b) develops soon after the transition to overt type 2 diabetes. c) develops in parallel with compensatory hyperinsulinemia. d) precedes the development of insulin resistance.

a) begins to develop once Beta cell failure starts.

True or false: While the glucagon:insulin ratio is enhanced in the Metabolic Syndrome, it underestimates the elevation of HGP because it doesn’t take into account insulin resistance.

True

Excess SNS signaling to pancreatic α-cells will result in enhanced glucagon secretion. This simulatory effect requires which of the following cell signaling events? a) increased synthesis of glucagon and more dense packaging of glucagon into secretory vesicles. b) increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels, causing enhanced exocytosis of glucagon-containing vesicles. c) binding of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine to α-adrenergic receptors coupled to Gs. d) production of the second messenger PIP3, which opens Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane.

b) increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels, causing enhanced exocytosis of glucagon-containing vesicles.

True or false: GSK-3 can disrupt insulin signaling in two ways. It can do so by phosphorylating serine residues on IRS-1, and it can also do so by phosphorylating and inhibiting glycogen synthase.

True

Control of the level of gene transcription for the enzymes PEPCK and G6Pase is the major mechanism for regulation of gluconeogenesis. Which of the following signaling proteins are NOT involved in the DOWN-regulation of gene expression for PEPCK and G6Pase? a) IRS-1 b) PKB/Akt c) PLC d) p38 kinase

c) PLC

A person with the Metabolic Syndrome will very likely end up with a reduced level of insulin secretion by beta-cells. This will almost certainly lead to: a) decrease in the production of glucagon from pancreatic alpha-cell b) a decrease in pancreatic alpha-cell secretion of somatostatin c) a decrease in gluconeogenesis d) less inhibition of glucagon secretion from alpha-cells in the pancreas

d) less inhibition of glucagon secretion from alpha-cells in the pancreas

True or false: Hormone-mediated effects on HGP occur most rapidly through cellular adjustments to gluconeogenesis, whereas the modulation of glycogenolysis and glycogenesis takes much longer.

False

True of false: In hepatocytes, decreased tyrosine phosphorylation of the IR and IRS-1 will result in decreased HGP.

False

The transcription of the genes for the enzymes PEPCK and G6Pase is the major mechanism for the regulation of gluconeogenesis. Which of the following proteins is not involved in their downregulation (in the reduction of the expression of those genes)? a) Tyr-phosphorylated IRS-1 b) Ser-phosphorylated GSK-1 c) activated insulin receptor d) activated PKA

d) activated PKA

Excess serine phosphorylation of IR and IRS in hepatocytes will be associated with all of the the following EXCEPT: a) diminished suppression of gluconeogenesis by insulin b) increased insulin-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of IR and IRS c) increased glycogen synthesis in response to insulin d) diminished suppression of glycogenolysis by insulin

b) increased insulin-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of IR and IRS

When activated by the insulin signaling pathway, PP1 will increase the activity of ______ and decrease the activity of ______. a) glycogen synthase, glycogen phosphorylase b) GSK-3, glycogen synthase c) phosphorylase kinase, PEPCK d) GSK-3, PI3K

a) glycogen synthase, glycogen phosphorylase

For hepatocytes, which of the following events will not occur in response to excessive serine phosphorylation of IR and IRS? a) decreased insulin-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of IR and IRS b) diminished HGP c) diminished suppression of gluconeogenesis by insulin d) dimished suppression of glycogenolysis by insulin

b) diminished HGP

Which of the following statements about HGP in the Metabolic Syndrome is true? a) one adaptation contributing to elevated HGP is an increase in lipolysis b) an increase in HGP precedes the phase of compensatory hyperinsulinemia. c) an increase in HGP is observed in all individuals with the Metabolic Syndrome. d) one adaptation contributing to elevated HGP is a greater parasympathetic activation of the α-cells.

a) one adaptation contributing to elevated HGP is an increase in lipolysis

True or false: As visceral adiposity begins to increase, there is a parallel increase in the secretion and action of adiponectin.

False

Which of the following is an accurate statement about adiponectin and its relationship to insulin sensitivity? a) positively correlated with whole-body insulin sensitivity. b) higher in insulin-resistant subjects compared to insulin-sensitive subjects. c) positively correlated with fasting insulin levels. d) positively correlated with % body fat.

a) positively correlated with whole-body insulin sensitivity

Which of the following statements about adiponectin is false? a) can exist in the plasma as high molecular weight forms, low molecular weight forms, and globular forms b) globular form has biological action c) the primary form in the plasma is the globular form d) secreted primarily by white fat cells

c) the primary form in the plasma is the globular form

Which of the following is not considered to be an adipokine? a) adiponectin b) resistin c) FFAs d) PAI-1 e) angiotensinogen

c) FFAs

True or false: APPL1 increases glucose transport in skeletal muscle cells by interacting directly with the insulin receptor.

False

Renin acts to cleave __________ to form __________. This peptide is then cleaved by __________ to form the bioactive peptide __________. a) ANG I, ANG II, aldosterone, ACE b) ANG I, aldosterone, ACE, ANG II c) angiotensinogen, ANG II, ACE, ANG I d) angiotensinogen, ANG I, ACE, ANG II

d) angiotensinogen, ANG I, ACE, ANG II

True or false: With increasing resting blood pressure, there are generally increases in fasting plasma insulin and in whole-body insulin sensitivity.

False

True or false: Increased SNS activity in the Metabolic Syndrome is associated with enhanced renal release of the peptidase renin.

True

True or false: The pharmacological inhibition of ACE would lead to an increase in blood pressure.

False

True or false: Most of the individuals who have some degree of hypertension also have signs of impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance

True