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Spring 2015 > Block 3 Neuro > Flashcards

Block 3 Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

3 genes associated with ALS

A

SODI, UBQLN2, and C9ORF72

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2
Q

Riluzole-

A

decreases glutamate response to prolong life in ALS

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3
Q

Patient presents with early falls, axial rigidity, supranuclear gaze palsy (vertical more than horizontal) and hummingbird’s sign. What do they have?

A

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

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4
Q

assymetric parkinsonism associated with tau protein deposition =

A

Corticobasal Ganglionic Degeneration

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5
Q

most common genetic mutation in parkinsons =

A

LRRK2

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6
Q

Rasagiline-

A

selective MAO-B inhibitor

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7
Q

MAO-B degrades _________

A

dopamine

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8
Q

MAO-A degrades ________

A

serotonin and NE

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9
Q

MS usually first presents with

A

optic neuritis

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10
Q

Dawson’s fingers-

A

lesions lining up perpendicular to ventricles; suggestive of demyelination rather than vascular lesion. indicative of MS

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11
Q

Causes of MS-

A

T cells, genetics, Vitamin D deficiency, and Epstein Barr Virus

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12
Q

Which T cells are responsible for MS

A

Th1 (pro-inflammatory)

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13
Q

How do Interferon B and glatiramer acetate treat MS?

A

increase Th2 count

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14
Q

how does Fingolimod treat MS?

A

sequester T cells to lymph nodes

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15
Q

Tysabri, the strongest MS drug, works how?

A

prevents T cells from crossing the BBB

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16
Q

RAS is mediated by what NTs?

A

acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine, NE, and histamine

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17
Q

pathway for ipGRC’s

A

SCN-PVN-thoracic spinal cord-IMLCC-sympathetic chain-superior cervical ganglion-pineal gland

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18
Q

locus coeruleus/lateral tegmental group-

A

NE neurons located in pons

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19
Q

pedunculopontine/laterodorsal tegmental (PPT/LDT)-

A

cholinergic neurons, project to thalamus

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20
Q

dorsal/medial raphe and raphe pontis nucleus-

A

serotoninergic neurons in midbrain

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21
Q

ventral periaqueductal gray matter/VTA/subs nigra-

A

dopaminergic

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22
Q

tuberomamillary nucleus-

A

histaminergic

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23
Q

orexin comes from?

A

lateral hypothalamic area

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24
Q

when melatonin feeds back into the SCN, the SCN can either cause wakefulness by signaling the _______, or sleep, by signaling __________

A

lateral hypothalamic area

ventrolateral preoptic nucleus

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25
Q

what stimulates RAS?

A

Lateral hypothalamic area

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26
Q

the sensory thalamus is sensitized by activation of its:

A

nicotinic receptors

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27
Q

the reticular thalamus is inhibited by the activation of its:

A

muscarinic receptors

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28
Q

waves associated with awake state

A

alpha and beta

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29
Q

Stage 1 sleep waves

A

theta

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30
Q

stage 2 sleep waves

A

sleep spindles/ K complexes

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31
Q

stage 3 and 4 sleep waves

A

delta

32
Q

slow wave sleep is initiated in the ________ nucleus via inhibition

A

ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO)

33
Q

VLPO releases _______ to inhibit RAS and the Thalamus

A

GABA

34
Q

GABAergic neurons of the PRF and thalamus inhibit _____ systems and activate _____ system

A

NE, 5HT

Ach

35
Q

how do we achieve muscle atonia during REM sleep?

A

GABA from PRF inhibits NE and 5-HT systems, which where inhibiting acetylcholine neurons. The disinhibition causes ACh–> glutaminergic neuron–> glycinergic neuron–> alpha motor neuron–> muscle atonia

36
Q

How do we achieve cortical activity during REM sleep?

A

GABA from PRF inhibits NE and 5-HT systems, which where inhibiting acetylcholine neurons. The disinhibition causes ACh neurons–> GABA neurons in thalamus–> inhibit input from eyes (leads to REM)

37
Q

____ neurons generate rapid eye movements

A

PRF

38
Q

GABA neurons of PRF inhibit input from dorsal column nuclei during REM, which causes

A

decreased sensory response

39
Q

Tetrad of narcolepsy:

A

excessive sleepiness, sudden weakness, hallucinations, and muscle paralysis

40
Q

narcolepsy is associated with a mutation of

A

hypocretin/orexin receptor

41
Q

are there sensory symptoms in myopathies?

A

no

42
Q

most common inherited myopathy

A

myotonic dystrophy

43
Q

myotonic dystrophy due to

A

defect in protein kinase myotonin gene. CTG repeat

44
Q

a sign of myotonic dystrophy is early ______

A

cataracts

45
Q

Tensilon test-

A

acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. must perform in ER because it causes bradycardia.

46
Q

Treatment of Myasthenia gravis

A

acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

47
Q

symptoms of botulism-

A

difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, paralysis, fatigue…

48
Q

what symptoms are absent with botulism?

A

no fever, no elevated BP, no confusion

49
Q

radiculopathy-

A

involvement of one specific dermatome

50
Q

mononeuropathy multiplex-

A

multiple single nerve lesions

51
Q

Key finding with polyneuropathies-

A

sensory complaints greater than weakness

52
Q

Charcot Marie Tooth Disease-

A

inherited demyelinating neuropathy

53
Q

signs of Charcot Marie Tooth disease-

A

hammer toes and high arches. Also Stork Legs

54
Q

Rubral Tremor-

A

slow course tremor with combined features of other tremors

55
Q

Cerebellum is concerned with these non-motor functions

A

sensory disc., attention, memory, verbal learning, speech. Through connections to cortical areas

56
Q

4 brainstem nuclei that contain preganglionic parasympathetics

A

edinger westphal, superior salivatory, inferior salivatory, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus

57
Q

which nerve is not part of cervical plexus, even though it is usually grouped with it?

A

suboccipital nerve

58
Q

4 nerves of cervical plexus

A

lesser occipital, greater auricular, transverse cervical, and supraclavicular

59
Q

name the 3 trunks of brachial plexus

A

superior, middle, inferior

60
Q

name the divisions of the brachial plexus

A

each trunk has anterior and posterior division

61
Q

name the cords of the brachial plexus

A

lateral, medial, and posterior cord

62
Q

ulnar nerve innervates all intrinsic muscles of the hand except:

A

1/2 LOAF. 2 lumbricals, opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, and flexor pollicis brevis

63
Q

Klumpke’s paralysis-

A

ape and claw hand. lesion of C8 and T1

64
Q

weakness of pronation indicative of

A

anterior interosseous nerve lesion

65
Q

claw hand indicative of

A

ulnar nerve lesion

66
Q

which ventral rami make the lumbar plexus?

A

T12-L4

67
Q

which ventral rami make the lumbosacral plexus?

A

L4-S3

68
Q

tibial nerve is derived from what nerve?

A

the sciatic nerve

69
Q

which cells form parallel fibers in the cerebellar cortex?

A

granule cells

70
Q

the only excitatory cell in the cerebellar cortex

A

granule cell

71
Q

inhibitory interneurons of the cerebellar cortex

A

golgi cells

72
Q

pontocerebellar fibers originate from

A

contralateral pons

73
Q

olivocerebellar fibers originate in

A

contralateral inferior olive

74
Q

the only source of climbing fibers-

A

inferior olivary nuclei

75
Q

how many climbing fibers innervate each purkinje cell?

A

only 1

76
Q

are climbing fibers excitatory or inhibitory?

A

excitatory

Spring 2015 (9 decks)

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