Block 3

Question 1

Define QoL.

Answer 1

physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of illness or disease

Question 2

Define PRO

Answer 2

any endpoint directly from a patient’s perception

Question 3

PCORI

Answer 3

Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute

Question 4

4 PRO Domains

Answer 4

1) HRQoL
2) Health-State Utility
3) Willingness to Pay
4) Patient Satisfaction

Question 5

3 health outcomes measures categories

Answer 5

1) economic
2) humanistic
3) clinical

Question 6

General tool used for measuring general HRQoL?

Answer 6

SF-36

Question 7

QALY equation

Answer 7

= additional life years * utility

Question 8

Define QALY

Answer 8

measure of preference for x time with impaired utility compared to y time with full utility

Question 9

Define willingness to pay

Answer 9

hypothetical measure of preference for items not typically traded in private markets

Question 10

What is contingent valuation?

Answer 10

survey methods that asks how much an individual is willing to pay for a good or service

Question 11

What is conjoint analysis?

Answer 11

method of contingent valuation that considers factors other than price

Question 12

What are the goals of medication use?

Answer 12

1) alleviate symptoms
2) improve signs
3) cure

Question 13

What were the 4 components of OBRA?

Answer 13

1) assessment of drug use data
2) educational outreach program
3) Prospective DUR
4) Retrospective DUR

Question 14

3 pharmacist activities addressed in OBRA 90?

Answer 14

1) prospective dur
2) maintenance of patient records/profiles
3) patient counseling standards

Question 15

What are the 4 methods in place to prevent med misuse?

Answer 15

1) OBRA 90 Standards
2) Patient Counseling Standards
3) MTM
4) MedRec @ transition of care

Question 16

NCC MERP

Answer 16

The National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention

Question 17

define medication error

Answer 17

any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in control of the healthcare professional, patient, or consumer;

Inappropriate dispensing of a prescribed medication including a variation from the prescriber’s prescription order and failure to identify and manage DTPs

Question 18

ISMP

Answer 18

institute for safe medication practices

Question 19

How are root causes of med errors categorized?

Answer 19

1) knowledge deficiency
2) performance deficiency
3) system failure

Question 20

5 A’s for responding to med errors.

Answer 20

1) acknowledge
2) ask
3) appreciate
4) act to resolve
5) appropriately document

Question 21

how to reduce med errors?

Answer 21

C-HOLS

1) good patient history
2) improve order communication (tall man, zeroes, etc)
3) improve label/packaging recognition
4) counsel
4) system enhancements in the pharmacy

Question 22

what is diffusion theory?

Answer 22

special type of communication with innovation & communication over time

an idea is perceived as new by an individual “innovation”
and participants create and share information
over time

Question 23

What are the 2 major determinants of prescribing behavior?

Answer 23

1) practice characteristics

2) physician demographics

Question 24

What components of practice characteristics may influence prescribing behavior?

Answer 24

1) location
- - rural, is monitoring difficult, detailing visits
2) nature of practice
- - solo/group, IT, types of patients, detailing policies
3) practice size
- - more patients, more opportunities for new drug
- - more prescribers, faster diffusion

Question 25

How do physician demographics affect prescribing behavior?

Answer 25

less likely to adopt new drug with…

• • increasing age
• • female gender

Question 26

How do manufacturers market their products?

Answer 26

historically, physicians & prescribers; but now, also DTC

1) DTC <15% of marketing costs
2) prescriber: 80% of marketing costs

Question 27

What are potential interventions to influence prescribing behavior?

Answer 27

RACCE prescribing

1) reminders
2) audit & feedback
3) clinical practice guidelines
4) computerized decision support systems
4) educational outreach/academic detailing

Question 28

What is the Alosa Foundation?

Answer 28

Part of the independent drug information service at harvard medical school.

Question 29

Define interdisciplinary healthcare team.

Answer 29

a group of individuals with diverse training and backgrounds who work together as an identified unit or system

Question 30

What are the specific components of a collaborative practice?

Answer 30

G-MAP

1) common goals
2) mechanisms for communication/monitoring
3) appropriate contributions
4) common patients

Question 31

What are facilitating values in a collaborative practice?

Answer 31

1) knowledge –> trust
2) shared responsibility
3) mutual respect
4) communication
5) coordination & cooperation
6) optimism

Question 32

What is the most effective delivery method of successful quality care?

Answer 32

optimism

Question 33

What is necessary for the development of trust?

Answer 33

knowledge

Question 34

What is the goal of academic detailing?

Answer 34

to close the gap between best evidence and actual prescribing to maximize efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness

Question 35

What does SBAR stand for?

Answer 35

Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation

Question 36

What are the important aspects for improving communication skills?

Answer 36

NVR LIE

1) non-verbal communication
2) verbal communication
3) build rapport
4) listen actively
5) involve the patient
6) empathetic

Question 37

What is empathy?

Answer 37

the ability to see the world through another’s eyes

Question 38

What are general categories for barriers to effective communication?

Answer 38

1) environmental
2) pharmacist
3) patient
4) financial/admin
5) time