Block 3 - Endo Flashcards
(192 cards)
1
Q
Mediators that are neurotransmitters and hormones
A
norepi , epi, oxytocin
2
Q
two types of local hormones
A
paracrine / autocrine
3
Q
where are lipid-soluble hormones synthesized?
A
liver
4
Q
hormone secretion is controlled by
A
signals of nervous system and chemical changes
5
Q
What hormone stimulates the release of cortisol from the adrenal coretex?
where is is secreted from?
A
ACTH
anterior pituitary
6
Q
Define positive and negative feedback
A
positive-reinforces
negative-reverses
7
Q
3 major groups of hormones
A
protein and peptides / steroid / tyrosine derivatives
8
Q
hormones can be classified by
A
solubility / gland of secretion / function
9
Q
majority of hormones in the body are
A
protein / polypeptides
10
Q
protein / polypeptides have what type of solubility?
A
water-soluble
11
Q
hGH and prolactin are what type of hormones
A
water soluble, PROTEIN hormones
12
Q
thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) is what type of hormone
A
water soluble, POLYPEPTIDE hormone
13
Q
What hormones are released from hypothalamus?
A
GHRH / GHIH / TRH / CRH / GRH
14
Q
what hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland?
A
hGH / TRH / ACTH / (FSH / LH) / prolactin
15
Q
What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary gland?
A
ADH / oxytocin
16
Q
what does TRH stimulate and what does it do
A
thyrotropin hormone and prolactin;
synthesis/secretion of thyroid hormones (prolactin: milk production)
17
Q
what does CRH stimulate and what does it do
A
adrenocorticotropin hormone: syn / sec of adrenocortical steroids
18
Q
what does GHRH / GHIH stimulate and what does it do
A
stimulates release of hGH and inhibits hGH (protein synthesis and growth of most cells)
19
Q
what does GRH stimulate and what does it do
A
causes releases luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone
luteinizing: testosterone / estrogen and progesterone production
follicle stimulating: growth of follicles / maturation of sperm
20
Q
somatotropin and somatostatin are what two hormones
A
GHRH / GHIH - released by hypothalamus
21
Q
what hormone is secreted by the thyroid
A
calcitonin - promotes deposition of calcium into bones to DECREASE serum calcium levels
22
Q
what hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands
A
parathyroid hormone; INCREASES calcium absorption by the guy and kidneys, break down bone matrix to increase serum calcium
23
Q
hormones released by pancreas
A
insulin and glucagon
insulin-high glucose level to bring glucose in cells
glucagon-low glucose level
24
Q
hormones released by plancentas
A
human chorionic gonadotropin hormone: growth of corpus luteum and secretion of estrogen and progesterone
human somatomammotropin - dev of fetal tissues; enlargement of mothers breasts
25
hormones of kidneys
renin: catalyzes conversion of angiotensinogen and angiotensin
EPO: increases RBC production
26
hormones of the heart
atrial-natriuretic hormone (ANP) increases sodium by kidneys, reduce blood pressure
27
hormones of the stomach
gastrin - HCl secretion by PARIETAL CELLS to aid digestion
28
hormones of small intestines
secretin: pancreas to bicarbonate
cholecystokinin: stimulates gallbladder contraction; release of pancreatic enzymes
29
hormones of the adipocytes
leptin: inhibits appetite, stimulates thermogenesis
30
steroid hormones are what soluble
lipid soluble
31
steroid hormones have to have what?
transport proteins
32
where do steroid hormones bind?
inside the cell
33
how much of a concentration of steroid hormone are stored?
little concentrations of these are stored
34
what steroid hormone is released by kidneys
calcitriol (1,25 dihydroxycholecaliferol): inc. intestinal absorption
35
what adrenal cortex hormones
cortisol: multiple functions-controlling metabolisms; anti-inflammatory
aldosterone: inc. renal sodium ABSORPTION and K/H ion secretion
36
what hormones are from testes
testosterone: promotes dev. of male repro system
37
what hormones are from ovaries
estrogen: promotes growth/dev of female repro syst, breasts, secondary characteristics
progesterone: helps to produce "uterine milk"-nourishes growing embryo; helps dev secretory apparatus of breasts
38
what are the tyrosine derivative hormone
T3/T4 ; adrenal medullary hormones (CATECHOLAMINES) ; dopamine
39
what is the prolactin inhibiting hormone
dopamine
40
what are the catecholamines
norepinephrine / epinephrine
41
what tyrosine hormones are released by hypothalamus
prolactin inhibiting hormone (DOPAMINE)
42
what tyrosine derivative hormones are water soluble / what are lipid soluble
Dopamine / Epinephrine / Norepinephrine (water soluble)
T3/T4 (lipid soluble-bound to transport proteins)
43
Which thyroid hormone is the active form
Which is the precursor
t3 is active / t4 is precursor
44
dopamine effects?
inhibits release of prolactin as hormone, also has function of NT
45
hypothalamus is connected to the _____ ______ by what?
posterior pituitary / infundibular stalk
46
what makes up the infundibulum
pars tuberalis / infundibular stalk
47
what makes up the anterior pituitary
pars tuberalis / intermedia / distalis
48
what makes up the posterior pituitary
infundibular stalk / pars nervosa
49
pituitary is located where
hypophyseal fossa in sella turcica of sphenoid bone
50
what regulates growth, development, metabolism, homeostasis
hypothalamus and pituitary gland
51
hypothalamus to anterior pituitary glands movement of hormones occurs thru
pituitary portal system (capillaries)
52
releasing hormones
GHRH / TRH / CRH / GnRH / PRH
53
inhibiting hormones
GHIH (somatostatin) / PIH (dopamine)
54
posterior pituitary gland hormones
antidiuretic hormone (ADH / vasopressin)
oxytocin
55
pituitary gland is located
within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
56
anterior pituitary gland AKA:
adenohypophysis or pas distalis
57
posterior pituitary gland AKA:
neurohypophysis or pars nervosa
58
anterior pituitary consists of
pars distalis and pars tuberalis (partially covers infundibulum (like a sheath))
59
type of hormones produced by anterior pituitary gland
TROPIC hormones
60
the only tropic hormone that doesn't exert effect on another endocrine gland
hGH
61
anterior pituitary hormones are synthesized and released into what type of circulation
venous
62
how is hGH secreted
when does its secretion increase?
in pulsatile manner
deep sleep
63
main function of hGH
promote synth and secretion of Insulin-like growth factors
64
hGH effects cells from where
liver, skeletal muscle, cartilage, bones synthesize
65
if deficiency in production of IGFs occur-what happens?
abnormalities - even if hGH is normal
66
what do IGFs do
inc protein synthesis
dec protein catabolism
enhances lipolysis (for ATP production)
stims growth
67
how does IGF influence carbohydrate metabolism
decreases glucose uptake to cells leaving it in the bloodstream for neuronal use; also stims liver to break down glycogen into glucose in hypoglycemic states
68
when is insulin secreted
when are IGFs secreted
in high blood glucose situations
in low blood glucose situations
69
how is hGH secretion affected by hypoglycemia
stimulates GHRH and inhibits GHIH by hypothalamus
hGH is secreted to increase IGFs which decreases glucose uptake and stims liver glycogenolysis
70
how does hyperglycemia affect hGH
stimulates hypothalamus to secrete GHIH
reduced levels of hGH and IGF
IGFs not needed because glucose is already present
71
factors that stimulate hGH
low blood sugar situations; deep sleep; dec serum fatty acids; inc serum amino acids
72
what hormones stimulate hGH secretion
testosterone / estrogen / Ghrelin (hormone right before meals)
73
factors that inhibit hGH
hyperglycemia / hGH itself (negative feedback)
GHIH (somatostatin)
when plasma T3/T4 levels are low
74
what is ACTH stimulated by
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from hypothalamis
stress-related stimuli (low blood glucose / trauma)
75
what controls production of cortisol
ACTH
76
ACTH controls production for what
cortisol, other GLUCOCORTICOIDS and androgens produced by the cortex of the adrenal glands
77
what controls prolactin secretion
prolactin releasing and prolactin inhibiting hormone (dopamine)
78
milk production and milk ejection is controlled by
prolactin and oxytocin
79
prolactin is weak by itself but works with
estrogen, progesterone, glucocorticoids, hGH, T4 and insulin
80
low levels of estrogen and progesterone just prior to menstruation are caused by
what do those low levels inhibit
prolactin
PIH (dopamine)
81
what stimulates the secretion of FSH
GnRH to anterior pituitary
82
what does FSH do in women and men
women: follicle production
men: sperm production
83
what type of feedback is exhibited by FSH levels
negative feedback
84
what stimulates the secretion of LH
GnRH to anterior pituitary
85
what does LH trigger and form
ovulation and corpus luteum
86
what is significant about the formation of corpus luteum
secretes progesterone
87
what triggers the secretion of estrogen and where does it secrete from
FSH and LH; ovarian follicular cells
88
what stimulates testosterone prod in males
LH
89
what is the collective name for group of peptide hormones produced in the skin, the anterior pituitary and other parts of the brain
melanocyte stimulating hormone
90
where does dopamine (PIH) inhibit the release of MSH?
ANTERIOR PITUITARY ONLY
91
melanocyte stimulating hormone can be found
skin, anterior pituitary and parts of brain
92
melanocytes may suppress
appetite
93
what inhibits TRH
increased levels of t3/t4 in blood stream
subsequently reduces TSH to reduce T3/T4 being made
94
what composes the posterior pituitary
pars nervosa
| infundibular stalk
95
what hormones are stored in posterior pituitary
ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin
96
what "stores" and "releases" but does not "synthesize"
posterior pituitary
97
what inhibits ADH
alcohol - end up dehydrating yourself by "breaking the seal"
98
how does ADH increase blood pressure?
vasoconstriction of arterioles
99
what is osmotic pressure measured by
osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
100
what effects the amount of ADH secreted?
blood osmotic pressure and blood volume
101
what causes high osmotic pressure
dehydrate, hemorrhage, diarrhea, excessive sweating
loss of volume/fluid
102
what is the pressure that solutes are causing inside the plasma?
osmotic pressure measured by osmoreceptors
103
what do the osmosreceptors activate
production and release of ADH from neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus
104
describe the signal pathway for releasing ADH
osmoreceptor sends signal to neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus --> hypothalamus sends signal to posterior pituitary by the neurosecretory to secrete the STORED ADH
105
what are the ADH target tissues
kidneys (retain water) / sudoriferous (dec sweating) / vascular smooth muscle (arteriolar constriction)
106
what alters ADH
pain / stress / trauma / anxiety / drugs
107
what type of action is the release of oxytocin
positive feedback (oxytocin enhances oxytocin prod)
108
what does oxytocin effect in women
uterine contraction / milk ejection
109
what is needed for thyroid synthesis and secretion
presence of thyroid stimulating hormone
110
what type of feedback causes the hypothalamus to stop/slow TRH production
negative feedback
111
anything that increases cellular energy demand causes an increase in what?
t3 / t4 production
112
what are the functional units of the thyroid
follicles
113
what do follicular cells produce and what does it do
calcitonin - regulates blood calcium levels
114
T3 / T4 do what to metabolic rates
increases
115
describe T3 / T4
t3 active form much less abundant but more potent
| t4 inactive form much more abundant but less potent
116
what produces thyroglobulin (TGB)
follicular cell
117
where is TGB produced and packaged
ER / golgi apparatus / released by exocytosis in colloid
118
Iodide requires what before it is useable
perioxidase oxidzses the iodide to iodine
119
What forms with iodine and TGB
DIT and MIT
120
what are T3 and T4 formed by
t3 = DIT and MIT ; t4 = MIT and MIT
121
once T3/T4 are formed in colloid what occurs
colloid pulled back into follicular cell by pinocytosis
colloid engulfed by lysosome and digests TGB and cleaves off T3/T4
T3/T4 bind to thyroxine BINDING globulin (for water solubility) and are sent to target cells thru blood stream
122
What are actions of T3 / T4
increase basal metabolic rate
stimulates synth of add. Na+ and K+ pumps
helps regulate metabolism
can enhance actions of catecholamines-upregulate beta adrenergic receptors (hyperthyroid patients experience inc heart rates and blood pressure)
123
what hormones do T3/T4 work with to accelerate body growth
hGH and insulin
124
what is the effect of calcitonin
high levels of serum calcium and HPO42 stimulate secretion
low levels inhibit
125
describe resorption
process of using/losing substance (breakdown of bone by osteoclasts)
126
describe absorption/reabsorption
process of gaining something
127
how does calcitonin affect osteoblasts and osteoclasts
inhibits osteoclasts because theirs already enough calcium in the blood; increases osteoblasts to use calcium to build
128
how does calcitonin affect the intestine and urine output
decreases calcium absorption in intestine since calcium levels are already high; increases calcium loss in the urine
129
in particular, how are the kidneys affected by calcitonin
increases calcium loss in urine; prevents cells in the distal convoluted tubule from reabsorbing more calcium
130
principal cells of parathyroid gland and what do they secrete
chief cells secrete PTH
131
how does calcium effect PTH
high levels of calcium inhibit secretion
low levels of calcium stimulate secretion
132
PTH effects osteoclasts and osteoblasts by
increase osteoclasts and inhibits osteoblasts
133
what does PTH do in the intestines and kidneys
increases calcium absorption in intestine
stimulates cells in distal convoluted tubule to reabsorb more calcium
134
two distinct sections of the adrenal glands
adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
135
adrenal glands are covered by what and are supplied with blood how
connective tissue capsule
| highly vascularized
136
3 zones of adrenal gland
zona glomerulosa / fasciculata / reticularis
137
what are the 3 zones and their hormones produced
zona glomerulosa: mineralcorticoids
fasciculata: glucocorticoids
reticularis: androgens
138
describe zona glomerulosa
mineralcorticoids;
effects mineral homeostasis;
ALDOSTERONE: sec. in elevated K+/H+ levels and low BP
Release of aldosterone is FLUCTUATING
promotes reabsorption of Na+ and water; K+/H+ excreted in urine
139
how does renin work
kidneys recognize low BP --> release RENIN --> causes conversion of angiotensinogen (made by liver) in angiotensin-I
angiotensin-I circulates into lung vasculature where it encounters angiotensin coverting enzyme (ACE)
ACE splits antiotensin-I into angiotensin-II -which circulates and increases BP
140
What does angiotensin II do
stimulates aldosterone production
causes inc in sympathetic activty
causes arteriolar vasoconstriction (same as ADH)
causes release of ADH (inhibits urine loss to inc BP)
141
where are androgens released
zona reticularis
142
androgens and what do they do
DHEA: weak; precursor for test, est, and androsten- and DHT
Androstenedione: weak, converted to testerone or esterone (precursor to estradiol)
DHT: more potent androgen than testosterone
made from conversion of testosterone
active in tissue where test is not
143
cells of the adrenal medulla synthesize?
chromaffin cells; catecholamines: norepi / epi
144
chromaffin cells are considered
modified sympathetic ganglion of the ANS
145
SNS sends signal thru what type of nerves to chromaffin cells
splanchnic
146
what effects do catecholamines
intensify sympathetic responses throughout the body
147
glands of pancreas
endocrine and exocrine glands
148
pancreas structure includes
head, body, tail
149
what are the endocrine cells and where are they located
excocrine acini; pancreatic islets (islets of langerhanns)
a - glucagon
b - insulin
d - somatostatin: GHIH
f - PP cells; secrete pancreatic polypeptide
150
how is glucagon released
pancreas senses low blood glucose - releases glucagon
151
what is the role of glucagon
liver breaks down glycogen
stims liver take up of AA to convert to glucose
stims breakdown of triglycerides to glycerol and FFA (lipolysis)
152
glucagon is regulated through what type of feedback
negative; glycogen levels dec as serum glucose increases
153
how is insulin released
small intestine releases GLUCOSE DEPENDENT INSULINOTROPIC PEPTIDE (GDIP - gastric inhibitory peptide) ---> triggers release of insulin from pancreas
as nutrients are broken down and absorbed, it raises blood glucose for more insulin to be released
154
what does insulin do
```
facilitates glucose uptake into cells;
stims glycolysis for ATP
stims glycogenesis (glycogen prod)
promotes trig and protein synth
regulated thru negative feedback FROM serum glucose levels
insulin levels dec as gluc dec
```
155
GHIHs actions are based in what
concentration based
156
GHIH acts in paracrine manner by inhibiting
insulin and glucagon
157
GHIH acts in endocrine manner by inhibiting
hGH from anterior pituitary gland
158
pancreatic polypeptides based on
concentration
159
pancreatic polypeptides
inhibit somatostatin release
inhibit gallbladder contraction
inhibits secretion of bicarb and pancreatic enzymes
APPETITE suppression
160
blood sugar in a fasted state
glucagon released; alpha cells of pancreas; acts on hepatocytes (liver cells); gluconeogenesis-glucose released to blood stream by hepatocytes
161
blood sugar after a meal
insulin released by beta cells; facilitates diffusion of glucose in cells; increases uptake of amino acids and conversion of glucose to glycogen
162
ovaries synthesize and secrete
estrogen, progesterone, inhibin and relaxin
163
what regulates menstrual cycle and maintains pregnancy and mammary glands for lactation
estrogen, progesterone, LH, and FSH
164
what are the roles for inhibin and relaxin
inhibin inhibits FSH - follice development
| relaxin relaxes the pubic symphysis and relaxes the cervix
165
testes produce
testosterone and inhibin; testosterone reg sperm and inhibin exists do inhibit sperm production if concentration is too high
166
pineal gland secretes
melatonin - "biological clock"
167
heart produces
atrial-natriuretic peptide (ANP-a type natriuretic peptide) synth'ed when ATRIA is stretched to far - REDUCES blood pressure
B-type natriuretic when ventricles are stretched too far
168
kidneys release
renin: stimulates aldosterone release (aldosterone-inc sympathetic activity, arteriole vasoconstriction, release of ADH) (released at low blood pressure to raise BP)
169
glucocorticoids are given to who after surgery?
transplant patients
170
glucocorticoids decrease what?
decrease in eosinophils; atrophy in lymphatic tissue
171
kidneys release what three hormones
renin / calcitriol / erythropoietin
172
adipose tissue releases
leptin: satiety signal
adiponectin: helps to reduce insulin resistance
173
skin releases
cholecalciferol (modified to form vitamin D)
174
thymus aids with and releases
maturation of t cells; thymosin, thymic humoral factor, thymic factor, thymopoietin
175
liver releases
IGF-1 / angiotensinogen (raises BP) / thombopoietin (increase platelet production) / hepcidin (blocks release of iron)
176
GI tract releases
gastrin / cholecystokinin / glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide AKA gastric inhibitory peptide / secretin
177
where is gastrin
secreted by G cells in stomach - stimulated by: protein ingestion, distention in stomach, vagal stim (promotes ACID BUILDUP)
178
what does gastrin stimulate
growth of gastric mucosa
179
cholecystokinin (CCK) secreted by
i cells of small intestine; meals containing fats and proteins; gallbladder contraction-slows gastric emptying-makes it more basic inside intestine
180
GDIP (gastric inhibitory peptide) secreted by
k cells of small intestine; stimulated by precense of glucose, fats, and amino acids
insulin release, inhibits H+ion secretion
181
secretin secreted by
s cells in the small intestine; fatty acids (contents less that 4.5 arrive increase of H+); inhibits effects of gastrin (makes it more basic)
182
eicosanoids secreted by
found in all cells of the body - except RBCs; include prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs)-stimulates CHEMOTAXIS of WBCs and mediates inflammation
183
histamine secreted by
synthesized in any tissue with mast cells and platelets; physical trauma and immune response; contraction of smooth muscles-slows breathing; dilation-lowers BP; stims gastric acid secretion in stomach; inc permeability in caps and post caps
184
serotonin synthesized by
intestines, brain, CNS; serotonin made in intestines as reaction to bacterial colonies present; mood, anxiety, sleep etc. (can act as vasocontrictor or dilator due to concentration)
185
stress response has two types of stress
eustress, distress
186
stress response referred to as the
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
187
what are the three stages of stress
alarm stage, resistance reaction, exhaustion response
188
describe the alarm stage (minutes to hours)
initiated by ANY stressor; cortisol by glucocorticoids; lymphocytes decrease; sympathetic response increases
189
describe the resistance reaction (hours to weeks)
recovery phase; cortisol declines, immune system reboots; sympathetic reduces, parasympathetic increases
190
exhaustion response
depletion of energy; prolonged exposure to cortisol, stim of sympathetic; fatigue-depression-anxiety
191
aging endocrines systems
hGH reduced, t3/t4 reduced, increased PTH likely due to decreased dietary calcium intake
192
aging endocrine systems adrenal coretex
becomes fibrous, dec of cortisol/aldosterone, medulla is unaffected (protected); high blood glucose because slower insulin release from pancreas
