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Microbiology > Block 2.2 Control of Microbial Growth > Flashcards

Block 2.2 Control of Microbial Growth Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Infectious Microorganism

A

Microorganisms capable of causing disease (pathogens)

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2
Q

Contaminant

A

Microbes present @ a given time that are Undesirable or Unwanted

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3
Q

Nosocomial (Hospital Aquired) Infection

A

Infections that develop during a hospital stay

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4
Q

Levels of Control of Contamination

A
  1. Normal Household Conditions
  2. General Medical Conditions
  3. Strict Transmission Control conditions
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5
Q

Limit of infections in & Transmission By Health-Care Workers

A
  1. Standard Precautions-assume patients are infectious
  2. Biosafety Levels- BSL 1,2,3, &4
  3. Special security, storage, & transport of “Select Agents”
  4. Sterilization & Disinfecting equipment & skin
  5. Use vaccines & antibiotics to augment body defenses
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6
Q

Sterile

A

Free of ALL living microorganisms and spores

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7
Q

Sterilization

A

Using physical procedures or chemical agents to destroy all microbial forms

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8
Q

Disinfect/Decontaminate

A

Use of physical/chemical agents to destroy or inhibit MOST infectious organisms

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9
Q

Antisepsis

A
  • Using chemical agents on the skin/living tissues to eliminate or inhibit microorganisms (not necessarily spores)
  • Done by applying antiseptic (safe for skin)
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10
Q

8 Factors Affecting Effectiveness of Sterilization (No Direct Questions)

A
  1. Microbial Population Composition
    -Resistance to Killing: Endospores > Mycobacterium >
    Protozoan Cysts
  2. Microbial Death- not killed instantly
  3. Population Size- larger quantity = longer exposure time
  4. Concentration/Intensity of Antimicrobial- 70% in some
  5. Duration of Exposure
  6. Temperature & pH
  7. Presence of Protective/Neutralizing Matter- organic matter can protect bacteria
  8. Type of material being treated (glass, plastic, liquid, etc)
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11
Q

Modes of Action of Microbial Control Methods (No Direct Questions)

A
  1. Damage to cell wall
  2. Disrupt Cytoplasmic Membrane
  3. Inhibit Synthesis of Proteins & Nucleic Acid
  4. Alter Function of proteins & nucleic acids
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12
Q

Methods of Physical Control of Microorganisms

A
  1. Cold Temperature
  2. Heat
  3. Radiation
  4. Filtrations
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13
Q

Types of Cold Temperature control of Microorganisms

A
  1. Refrigeration- SLOWS metabolism of microbes. NO KILL

2. Freezing- (-70*C)- STOPS Metabolism. NO KILL

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14
Q

What is Refrigeration used for?

A

Prolonging storage & shellfire of food, vaccines, blood, & medications

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15
Q

What is Freezing used for?

A

Long-term storage of microbes & serum

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16
Q

How does heat kill cells?

A
  1. Disrupts cell Membrane Functions
    • More fluid w/ heat, so loses selective permeability
  2. Denatures Proteins
    • Heat breaks Hydrogen bonds–> unfolds proteins
  3. Inactivates Nucleic Acid
    • Heat breaks H Bonds–> Separates DNA strands
17
Q

Is moist heat or dry heat more effective?

A
  • Moist Heat… contains greater “heat energy”

- BUT boiling does not kill endospores

18
Q

Conditions for Dry Heat (hot air oven)

A

160-180* for 2 Hours

19
Q

Disadvantages of Dry Heat

A
  1. Liquids can’t be heated above boiling point (100*C)

2. Organic compounds can denature @ certain temps

20
Q

What is dry heat used for?

A

Thermostable, non-liquid (metal or gas)

21
Q

What is Steam Heat

A

Steam under pressure (autoclave)

22
Q

Conditions of Steam Heat (Autoclave)

A

121*C for 15 minutes

  • Pressure prevents boiling so liquids can be heated
  • High Pressure does not cause killing, heat does
23
Q

Limitations of Steam Heat

A
  1. Can’t be used for some Thermolabile substances

2. Can’t be used for items affected b moisture (I.e. surgical instruments w/ sharp cutting edges, dry chemicals, etc)

24
Q

Uses of Steam Heat

A
  1. Sterilize Clean, Wrapped Instruments, containers, & microbial culture media
  2. Make contaminated materials safe before discarding
25
Q

Incineration

A

Burning materials to destroy living cells

26
Q

Uses of Incineration

A
  1. Small, metal, or glass instruments in the lab & on medical wastes
27
Q

Conditions of Incineration

A

High temp (1800F)… turns waste to ash in seconds

28
Q

Types of Radiation for Sterilization

A
  1. Gamma (Ionizing Radiation)
  2. Electron Beam Radiation (Ionizing Radiation)
  3. Ultraviolet (Non-Ionizing Radiation)
29
Q

Function of Gamma Radiation

A

Penetrating deep into objects to Nonspecifically alter cell proteins & nucleic acid

30
Q

Uses of Gamma Radiation

A

Sterilize pharmaceuticals, medical/dental supplies, & items that can’t take steam heat or chemicals (I.e. Gauze)

31
Q

Function of Electron Beam Radiation

A

Alter Nucleic Acid

32
Q

Uses if Electron Beam Radiation

A

Decontaminate packages for mail or medical items

33
Q

Function of Ultraviolet Radiation

A

Mutate nucleic acid to prevent normal gene expression & DNA replication

34
Q

Conditions for UV radiation to have effects

A

254nm wavelength over 10-30 seconds

-Lowe penetrating power… Direct Contact with microorganism necessary

35
Q

2 Types of Filtration

A
  1. Membrane Micropore Filtration

2. High-Efficiency Particle Air (HEPA) Filtration

36
Q

Membrane Micropore Filters

A

Made of: Cellulose Acetate & Nitrate
Has pores that trap microbes (0.22 micron sterilizes)
Moderately effective on: Viruses, Mycoplasma, chalmydia, & rickettsia

37
Q

Uses for Membrane Micropore Filters

A

Sterilization of Thermoliable Liquids

Microbiology (3 decks)

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