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PHTH 561: Pharmacology > Block 2 Exam Review > Flashcards

Block 2 Exam Review Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

What are the major side effects of organic nitrates?

A

-Headache
-Reflex tachycardia
-Orthostatic hypotension
-Facial flushing
-Nitroglycerin specifically has significant interactions with sildenafil (Viagra) and can cause fatal hypotension

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2
Q

What are the major side effects of β-blockers?

A

-Fatigue
-Bradycardia
-Hypotension
-Bronchoconstriction (only with non-selective β-blockers)

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3
Q

What are the major side effects of calcium-channel blockers?

A

-Constipation (especially Verapamil)
-Headache
-Dizziness
-Flushing
-Non-dihydropyridines can cause heart failure to worsen due to negative intotropic effects

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4
Q

What are the major side effects of sodium-channel blockers?

A

-Dizziness
-Headache
-Constipation
-QT interval prolongation

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5
Q

What is the generic name of the sodium channel blocker?

A

Ranolazine

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6
Q

What are the generic names of the K+ sparing diuretics?

A

-Spironolactone
-Triamterene

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7
Q

What are the side effects of diuretics?

A

-Orthostatic hypotension
-Weakness
-Cardiac arrhythmias
-Fatigue
-Hyponatremia
-Hypokalemia

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8
Q

What is the mechanism of action of sprionolactone?

A

Direct antagonist of aldosterone, which prevents salt retention, myocardial hypertrophy, and hypokalemia

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9
Q

What is the mechanism of action of eplerenone?

A

Antagonist of aldosterone but with lower incidence of endocrine-related side effects

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10
Q

What are the two aldosterone antagonists?

A

-Spironolactone
-Eplerenone

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11
Q

What are the common side effects of aldosterone antagonists?

A

Hyperkalemia

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12
Q

What is a common arterial dilator used for chronic heart failure?

A

Hydralazine

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13
Q

What are the common side effects of hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate?

A

-Headache
-Hypotension
-Tachycardia

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14
Q

What patient population is the combination of hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate for the treatment of heart failure used in? Why?

A

-Used in black patients
-Used because ACE inhibitors is not recommended in this group as there are excessive side effects

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15
Q

What are common positive inotropic drugs used for the treatment of heart failure?

A

-Digoxin
-Dobutamine
-Milrinone

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16
Q

What is a major downside of positive inotropic drugs?

A

All positive inotropic drugs have been associated with reduced survival in patients with HF, so they are only used for a short period of time with the exception of Digoxin

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17
Q

Which coagulation factors are involved in the extrinsic pathway?

A

-Factor III
-Factor VII

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18
Q

Which coagulation factors are involved in the intrinsic pathway?

A

-Factor XII
-Factor XI
-Factor IX
-Factor VIII

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19
Q

Which coagulation factors are involved in the rest of the coagulation pathway?

A

-Factor X
-Prothrombin (Factor II)
-Prothrombin activator
-Thrombin
-Fibrinogen (Factor I)
-Fibrin

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20
Q

Which coagulation factor is responsible for the conversion from factor X to prothrombin activator?

A

-Factor III
-Factor V

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21
Q

What is the role of thrombin in the coagulation cascade?

A

Converts fibrinogen to fibrin

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22
Q

What is the role of factor V in the coagulation cascade?

A

Converts prothrombin activator to thrombin

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23
Q

What is the role of factor VIII in the coagulation cascade?

A

Converts fibrin to fibrin polymer

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24
Q

What is the role of vitamin K in the coagulation pathway?

A

-Involved in the synthesis of vitamin K dependent clotting factors in the liver
-Factor II (prothrombin)
-Factor VII
-Factor IX
-Factor X

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25
What are the side effects of warfarin (Coumadin)?
-Hemorrhage -Fetotoxic -Many drugs interactions
26
What are the side effects of heparins?
-Hemorrhage -Thrombocytopenia -Osteoporosis with long term use -Hypersensitivity reactions
27
What is the MOA of aspirin for anticoagulation?
Inhibits COX enzyme which converts arachidonic acid to thromboxane A2, which activates platelets and causes them to clump together
28
What is the MOA of Clopidogrel for anticoagulation?
Prevents platelets from sticking together by inhibiting a receptor on the platelet called P2Y12
29
What is the MOA of Ticagrelor and Prasugrel for anticoagulation?
Same mechanism as Clopidogrel but has different pharmacokinetics and dynamics
30
What is the MOA of Dipyridamole for anticoagulation?
-Used in combination with aspirin -Inhibits phosphodiesterase enzyme which leads to the increase of cAMP in platelets which inhibits their aggregation
31
What is a rare but serious side effect of Clopidogrel?
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP): rare but severe condition where small blood clots form throughout the body
32
What are the antithrombotic/antiplatelet drugs?
-Aspirin -Clopidogrel -Ticagrelor -Prasugrel -Dipyridamole
33
What are the thrombolytic drugs?
-Alteplase (tPA) -Reteplase -Tenecteplase -Streptokinase -Urokinase
34
What are the suffixes for thrombolytic drugs?
-"plase" -"kinase"
35
What are the suffixes for direct thrombin inhibitors?
-"tran" -"ban" -"udin"
36
What are the suffixes for anti-thrombotics?
-"grel" -Aspirin -Dipyridamole
37
What are the suffixes for factor Xa inhibitors?
"xaban"
38
What is the MOA of statins?
Inhibits the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme which plays a role in production of cholesterol
39
What are the major side effects of statins?
-Muscle pain and weakness -Fatigue -Rhabdomyolysis
40
What is the mechanism of action of bile acid sequestrants?
-Bind to bile acid in the intestines, forming a complex that is excreted in the feces -Bile acids are made in the liver from cholesterol -By binding these acids and promoting excretion, the liver compensates by converting
41
What is the only cholesterol absorption inhibitor?
Ezetimibe
42
What are the rapid acting insulin?
-Lispro -Aspart -Glulisine
43
What are the short acting insulin?
Crystalline
44
What are the intermediate acting insulin?
-NPH -Lente
45
What are the long acting insulin?
-Detemir -Glargine
46
What are the suffixes of sulfonylureas?
-First generation: "amide" -Second generation: "ide" -Third generation: "piride"
47
What are the adverse effects of sulfonylureas?
-Hypoglycemia -Cholestatic jaundice -Weight gain -Fetal hypoglycemia
48
What are the suffixes of meglitinides?
"glinide"
49
What are the common adverse effects of meglitinides?
Hypoglycemia
50
What is the only biguanide?
Metformin
51
What are the adverse effects of metformin?
-GI side effects -Lactic acidosis
52
What is the suffix for thiazolidinediones?
"glitazone"
53
What are the adverse effects of thiazolidinediones?
Edema
54
What are the alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?
-Acarbose -Miglitol
55
What are the adverse effects of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?
-Flatulence -Diarrhea
56
What is the suffix for GLP-1 analogs?
"tide"
57
What are the adverse effects of GLP-1 analogs?
-GI issues -Injection site reactions -Pancreatitis
58
What is the suffix for DPP-4 inhibitors?
"gliptin"
59
What are the adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors?
-Nasopharyngitis -Headache -Pancreatitis
60
What is the suffix for SGLT-2 inhibitors?
"gliflozin"
61
What are the adverse effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors?
-Genital yeast infections -Urinary tract infections -Bone fracture risk -Ketoacidosis
62
What are the short acting β-2 agonists?
-Albuterol -Levalbuterol
63
What are the long acting β-2 agonists?
-Salmeterol -Formoterol
64
What are the injectable disease modifying drugs for MS?
-Avonex -Betaseron -Copaxone
65
What are the oral disease modifying drugs for MS?
-Gilenya -Tecfidera
66
What are the infused disease modifying drugs for MS?
-Novantrone -Ocrevus -Tysabri

PHTH 561: Pharmacology (7 decks)

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