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PHTH 561: Pharmacology > Block 2 Exam Review > Flashcards

Block 2 Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major side effects of organic nitrates?

A

-Headache
-Reflex tachycardia
-Orthostatic hypotension
-Facial flushing
-Nitroglycerin specifically has significant interactions with sildenafil (Viagra) and can cause fatal hypotension

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2
Q

What are the major side effects of β-blockers?

A

-Fatigue
-Bradycardia
-Hypotension
-Bronchoconstriction (only with non-selective β-blockers)

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3
Q

What are the major side effects of calcium-channel blockers?

A

-Constipation (especially Verapamil)
-Headache
-Dizziness
-Flushing
-Non-dihydropyridines can cause heart failure to worsen due to negative intotropic effects

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4
Q

What are the major side effects of sodium-channel blockers?

A

-Dizziness
-Headache
-Constipation
-QT interval prolongation

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5
Q

What is the generic name of the sodium channel blocker?

A

Ranolazine

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6
Q

What are the generic names of the K+ sparing diuretics?

A

-Spironolactone
-Triamterene

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7
Q

What are the side effects of diuretics?

A

-Orthostatic hypotension
-Weakness
-Cardiac arrhythmias
-Fatigue
-Hyponatremia
-Hypokalemia

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8
Q

What is the mechanism of action of sprionolactone?

A

Direct antagonist of aldosterone, which prevents salt retention, myocardial hypertrophy, and hypokalemia

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9
Q

What is the mechanism of action of eplerenone?

A

Antagonist of aldosterone but with lower incidence of endocrine-related side effects

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10
Q

What are the two aldosterone antagonists?

A

-Spironolactone
-Eplerenone

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11
Q

What are the common side effects of aldosterone antagonists?

A

Hyperkalemia

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12
Q

What is a common arterial dilator used for chronic heart failure?

A

Hydralazine

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13
Q

What are the common side effects of hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate?

A

-Headache
-Hypotension
-Tachycardia

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14
Q

What patient population is the combination of hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate for the treatment of heart failure used in? Why?

A

-Used in black patients
-Used because ACE inhibitors is not recommended in this group as there are excessive side effects

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15
Q

What are common positive inotropic drugs used for the treatment of heart failure?

A

-Digoxin
-Dobutamine
-Milrinone

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16
Q

What is a major downside of positive inotropic drugs?

A

All positive inotropic drugs have been associated with reduced survival in patients with HF, so they are only used for a short period of time with the exception of Digoxin

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17
Q

Which coagulation factors are involved in the extrinsic pathway?

A

-Factor III
-Factor VII

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18
Q

Which coagulation factors are involved in the intrinsic pathway?

A

-Factor XII
-Factor XI
-Factor IX
-Factor VIII

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19
Q

Which coagulation factors are involved in the rest of the coagulation pathway?

A

-Factor X
-Prothrombin (Factor II)
-Prothrombin activator
-Thrombin
-Fibrinogen (Factor I)
-Fibrin

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20
Q

Which coagulation factor is responsible for the conversion from factor X to prothrombin activator?

A

-Factor III
-Factor V

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21
Q

What is the role of thrombin in the coagulation cascade?

A

Converts fibrinogen to fibrin

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22
Q

What is the role of factor V in the coagulation cascade?

A

Converts prothrombin activator to thrombin

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23
Q

What is the role of factor VIII in the coagulation cascade?

A

Converts fibrin to fibrin polymer

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24
Q

What is the role of vitamin K in the coagulation pathway?

A

-Involved in the synthesis of vitamin K dependent clotting factors in the liver
-Factor II (prothrombin)
-Factor VII
-Factor IX
-Factor X

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25
Q

What are the side effects of warfarin (Coumadin)?

A

-Hemorrhage
-Fetotoxic
-Many drugs interactions

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26
Q

What are the side effects of heparins?

A

-Hemorrhage
-Thrombocytopenia
-Osteoporosis with long term use
-Hypersensitivity reactions

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27
Q

What is the MOA of aspirin for anticoagulation?

A

Inhibits COX enzyme which converts arachidonic acid to thromboxane A2, which activates platelets and causes them to clump together

28
Q

What is the MOA of Clopidogrel for anticoagulation?

A

Prevents platelets from sticking together by inhibiting a receptor on the platelet called P2Y12

29
Q

What is the MOA of Ticagrelor and Prasugrel for anticoagulation?

A

Same mechanism as Clopidogrel but has different pharmacokinetics and dynamics

30
Q

What is the MOA of Dipyridamole for anticoagulation?

A

-Used in combination with aspirin
-Inhibits phosphodiesterase enzyme which leads to the increase of cAMP in platelets which inhibits their aggregation

31
Q

What is a rare but serious side effect of Clopidogrel?

A

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP): rare but severe condition where small blood clots form throughout the body

32
Q

What are the antithrombotic/antiplatelet drugs?

A

-Aspirin
-Clopidogrel
-Ticagrelor
-Prasugrel
-Dipyridamole

33
Q

What are the thrombolytic drugs?

A

-Alteplase (tPA)
-Reteplase
-Tenecteplase
-Streptokinase
-Urokinase

34
Q

What are the suffixes for thrombolytic drugs?

A

-“plase”
-“kinase”

35
Q

What are the suffixes for direct thrombin inhibitors?

A

-“tran”
-“ban”
-“udin”

36
Q

What are the suffixes for anti-thrombotics?

A

-“grel”
-Aspirin
-Dipyridamole

37
Q

What are the suffixes for factor Xa inhibitors?

A

“xaban”

38
Q

What is the MOA of statins?

A

Inhibits the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme which plays a role in production of cholesterol

39
Q

What are the major side effects of statins?

A

-Muscle pain and weakness
-Fatigue
-Rhabdomyolysis

40
Q

What is the mechanism of action of bile acid sequestrants?

A

-Bind to bile acid in the intestines, forming a complex that is excreted in the feces
-Bile acids are made in the liver from cholesterol
-By binding these acids and promoting excretion, the liver compensates by converting

41
Q

What is the only cholesterol absorption inhibitor?

A

Ezetimibe

42
Q

What are the rapid acting insulin?

A

-Lispro
-Aspart
-Glulisine

43
Q

What are the short acting insulin?

A

Crystalline

44
Q

What are the intermediate acting insulin?

A

-NPH
-Lente

45
Q

What are the long acting insulin?

A

-Detemir
-Glargine

46
Q

What are the suffixes of sulfonylureas?

A

-First generation: “amide”
-Second generation: “ide”
-Third generation: “piride”

47
Q

What are the adverse effects of sulfonylureas?

A

-Hypoglycemia
-Cholestatic jaundice
-Weight gain
-Fetal hypoglycemia

48
Q

What are the suffixes of meglitinides?

A

“glinide”

49
Q

What are the common adverse effects of meglitinides?

A

Hypoglycemia

50
Q

What is the only biguanide?

A

Metformin

51
Q

What are the adverse effects of metformin?

A

-GI side effects
-Lactic acidosis

52
Q

What is the suffix for thiazolidinediones?

A

“glitazone”

53
Q

What are the adverse effects of thiazolidinediones?

A

Edema

54
Q

What are the alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?

A

-Acarbose
-Miglitol

55
Q

What are the adverse effects of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?

A

-Flatulence
-Diarrhea

56
Q

What is the suffix for GLP-1 analogs?

A

“tide”

57
Q

What are the adverse effects of GLP-1 analogs?

A

-GI issues
-Injection site reactions
-Pancreatitis

58
Q

What is the suffix for DPP-4 inhibitors?

A

“gliptin”

59
Q

What are the adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors?

A

-Nasopharyngitis
-Headache
-Pancreatitis

60
Q

What is the suffix for SGLT-2 inhibitors?

A

“gliflozin”

61
Q

What are the adverse effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors?

A

-Genital yeast infections
-Urinary tract infections
-Bone fracture risk
-Ketoacidosis

62
Q

What are the short acting β-2 agonists?

A

-Albuterol
-Levalbuterol

63
Q

What are the long acting β-2 agonists?

A

-Salmeterol
-Formoterol

64
Q

What are the injectable disease modifying drugs for MS?

A

-Avonex
-Betaseron
-Copaxone

65
Q

What are the oral disease modifying drugs for MS?

A

-Gilenya
-Tecfidera

66
Q

What are the infused disease modifying drugs for MS?

A

-Novantrone
-Ocrevus
-Tysabri

PHTH 561: Pharmacology (7 decks)

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