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JL 4th Year > Block 2 - Child Health > Flashcards

Block 2 - Child Health Flashcards

1
Q

State the definition of preterm

A

Conception to 36 weeks + 6 days

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2
Q

Very preterm

A

< 32 weeks

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3
Q

Extremely preterm

A

< 28 weeks

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4
Q

Post term

A

42-44 weeks

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5
Q

Low birth weight

A

< 2.5 kg or 5.5 pounds

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6
Q

VLBW

A

< 1.5kg or 3.3 pounds

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7
Q

ELBW

A

< 1kg or 2.2 pounds

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8
Q

SGA

A

< 9th centile in weight expected for gestation

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9
Q

AGA

A

between 9th and 91st centile

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10
Q

LGA

A

Greater than 91st centile

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11
Q

Name five risk factors for preterm birth.

A
  1. Multiple pregnancy
  2. Uterus or cervix problems
  3. Hypertension, diabetes and clotting disorders
  4. Infections in pregnancy
  5. Smoking, alcohol or illicit drug use
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12
Q

In preterm babies - what should you do at birth?

A

If baby can be kept warm, pause for at least a minute to allow placental transfusion.

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13
Q

What is the airway positioning for a preterm baby?

A

Neutral head position and jaw thrust

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14
Q

What can over inflation of the lungs in a preterm baby cause?

A

Broncho pulmonary dysplasia

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15
Q

What is gestational correction?`

A

Adjusts the plot of a measurement to account for the number of weeks a baby was born early.

number of weeks early = 40 - gestational age

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16
Q

When should gestational correction be continued until in 32-36 week babies?

A

1 year

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17
Q

When should gestational correction be contiued for in < 32 week babies?

A

2 years

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18
Q

Name two common early onset sepsis organisms?

A

Group B strep and E coli

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19
Q

Name three respiratory complications of prematurity?

A
  1. RDS
  2. Apnoea of prematurity
  3. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
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20
Q

In apnoea of prematurity - what stimulates the resp centre?

A

Caffeien

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21
Q

Give two features of RDS primary pathology?

A
  1. Surfactant deficiency

2. Structural immaturity

22
Q

How is RDS managed?

A

Maternal steroids
Surfacatant
Ventilation

23
Q

In RDS: what xray features are present?

A

Ground glass appearance - looks hazy due to lack of surfactant resulting in poor aeration of alveoli

24
Q

give a complication of RDS?

A

pneumothorax, tension

25
Q

What does ductus arteriosus connect?

A

PA to aorta

26
Q

What are the symptoms of PDA?

A

congestive heart failure symptoms e.g. ankle oedema, LHF and diastolic BP increase

27
Q

What helps treat PDA?

A

NSAIDS like ibuprofen

28
Q

Where does intracranial haemorrhage in preterm infacnts occur?

A

in germinal matrix. In 80% of cases this GMH leads to an intraventricular bleed

29
Q

What should you do if you suspect an IVH?

A

Ultrasound

30
Q

What are two risk factors for IVH?

A
  1. prematurity

2. RDS

31
Q

When do most IVH occur?

A

1st day of life

32
Q

How to prevent IVH?

A

Antenatal steroids

33
Q

What does a grade 3 and 4 IVH bleed involve?

A

Parenchymal bleed - neurodevelopmental delay up to 80%

34
Q

What is the most common neonatal surgical emergency?

A

NEC - widespread necrosis in the small and large intestine

35
Q

usually recovering from RDS, lethargy and gastric residuals, blood stool, temperature instability, apnoea and brady cardia?

36
Q

Normal resp rate in 1-5 years?

37
Q

noisy breathing that occurs during inhalation. It is a low-pitched, snoring type of sound that usually arises from the vibration of fluid, or the vibration of tissue that is relaxed or flabby. It usually arises from airway blockage in the throat (pharynx)

38
Q

Biphasic stridor (occuring on inhalation and exhalation) reflects what pathology?

39
Q

Stridor at 2am?

A

Viral croup - parainfluenza

40
Q

What condition which causes stridor is rare because of HiB vaccination?

A

Epiglottitis

41
Q

What investigations can be done for recurrent stridor?

A
  1. CXR
  2. laryngobronchoscopy
  3. Blood tests
42
Q

A whistling musical noise caused by turbulent airflow passing through narrowed medium-sized airways. Generally on expiration unless severe.

43
Q

bleeding under periosteum on the parietal bones

does not cross the midline

A

Cephalohaematoma

44
Q

Child goes blue when lying donw?

A

Choanal atresia

45
Q

Prominent occiput and low set ears

A

Trisomy 18 - Edwards

46
Q

When listening for murmurs of new born child - where must you remember to listen?

A

Midscapular area posteriorly - for coarctation

47
Q

Large ventricular sepal defect
An overriding aorta
Stenosis of pulmonary valve
Right ventricular hypertrophy

A

Fallots tetrology

48
Q

What might a hyperdynamic pulse suggest?

49
Q

pulse is noticeably weaker in the legs or groin than it is in the arms or neck,

A

Coarctation of the aorta

50
Q

What is normal range of HR for under 1 year old?

51
Q

What is blood volume of children?

JL 4th Year (2 decks)

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