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Year 1 pharmacology > Block 2 > Flashcards

Block 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What structures are part of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx

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2
Q

What structures are part of the lower respiratory tract

A

Trachea, bronchi, lungs

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3
Q

What are the muscles of inspiration?

A

Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, external intercostals, parasternal intercostals and diaphragm.

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4
Q

What are the muscles of forced expiration?

A

Abdominal muscles (external+ internal oblique, internal intercostals, transversus abdominus and rectus abdominus)

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5
Q

What are the conducting airways?

A

All respiratory passages that move air into and out of the lungs. Warm+ cleanse incoming air. (No gas exchange)

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6
Q

What are the respiratory passages?

A

Deep within lung where gas exchange occurs. Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli. Thin walls.

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7
Q

What is the main epithelium in the respiratory passages?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells.

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8
Q

What are the four sinuses associated with the nose?

A

Frontal, ethmoid, maxillary and sphenoid.

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9
Q

What is the role of the olfactory mucosa and where is it located?

A

Sensory receptors for smell on the roof of the nasal cavity.

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10
Q

What is the role of the nose?

A

Provides airway, filters, humidities and warms incoming air. Resonating chamber and olfaction.

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11
Q

What four things drains into the middle meatus?

A

Frontal sinus, maxillary sinus and ant+middle ethmoid sinus.

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12
Q

What two things drain into the superior meatus?

A

Posterior ethmoidal sinus and sphenoid sinus (sphenoethmoidal sinus)

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13
Q

What is the name of the duct connecting to the eye that drains into the inferior meatus?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

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14
Q

What are the two tonsils of the nose/nasopharynx?

A

Pharyngeal (adenoid) and tubal tonsil.

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15
Q

Where does the Eustachian tube drain to and from?

A

From middle ear to nasopharynx

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16
Q

What is the name of the area in the nose prone to nose bleeds and why is this?

A

Littles area on the medial wall of the nasal cavity. Where the four main arteries of the nose anastomose.

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17
Q

What are the three sections of the pharynx and what are their margins?

A

Nasopharynx=Base of skull to uvula+ soft palate
Oropharynx=Soft palate to epiglottis
Laryngopharynx=Epiglottis to cricoid

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18
Q

What are the superior and inferior margins of the larynx?

A

Superior=Laryngeal inlet Inferior=Cricoid cartilage

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19
Q

What is the larynx involved in?

A

Phonation, cough reflex, protection of lower respiratory tract

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20
Q

What are the 3 unpaired structures of the larynx?

A

Epiglottis, thyroid and cricoid cartilage.

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21
Q

What are the 3 paired structures of the larynx?

A

Arytenoid, cuneiform and corniculate.

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22
Q

What is the job of the vestibular folds?

A

Preventing food entering airway during swallowing. Sid phonation by depressing dysphonia

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23
Q

What does dysphonia mean?

A

Hoarse voice

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24
Q

What is the role of the cricothyroid muscle in phonation?

A

Stretches and tenses the vocal folds.

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25
Q

What nerve innovates the cricothyroid muscle?

A

External laryngeal nerve (branch of the superior)

26
Q

What is the role of the thyroarytenoid muscle in phonation?

A

thyroarytenoid muscle acts to relax the vocal ligament, allowing for a softer voice.

27
Q

What nerve innovates the thyroarytenoid muscle?

A

The inferior laryngeal nerve (Branch of recurrent laryngeal).

28
Q

What is the role of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles in phonation?

A

The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles are the sole abductors of the vocal folds

29
Q

What nerve innovates the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?

A

Inferior laryngeal nerve (Branch of recurrent laryngeal)

30
Q

What is the role of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle in phonation?

A

The lateral cricoarytenoid muscles are the major adductors of the vocal folds.

31
Q

What is the role of the transverse and oblique arytenoid muscles in phonation?

A

The transverse and oblique arytenoids muscles adduct the arytenoid cartilages

32
Q

What is the vertebral level of the thyroid cartilage and bifurcation of the common carotid artery?

A

C3/4

33
Q

What is the vertebral level for the arch of the cricoid cartilage, superior end of the oesophagus and superior end of trachea?

A

C6

34
Q

What is the vertebral level for the trachea bifurcation?

A

T4/5. Manubriosternal angle

35
Q

What is the correct order for the bronchial tree, starting at the trachea.

A

Trachea, primary->secondary->tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveoli sac, alveoli.

36
Q

Where is the cartilage of the trachea located?

A

Anterior and lateral sides of the trachea. C-shaped cartilage.

37
Q

What is the most important nerve in breathing?

A

Phrenic nerve

38
Q

Are men or women more diaphragmatic breathers?

A

Women

39
Q

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located and what do they respond to?

A

Carotid body in carotid artery and respond to O2 levels.

40
Q

What is the enzyme that converts CO2 to carbonic acid?

A

Carbonic anhydrase.

41
Q

How does metabolic acidosis affect your breathing?

A

Causes you to hyperventilate.

42
Q

Name three causes of acidosis

A

Hyperventilation, acute renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis and aspirin.

43
Q

How does hyperventilating affect your blood pH?

A

Leads to alkalosis.

44
Q

What are the symptoms of an decreased blood Ca2+ level?

A

Spasms, tingling, paralysis, hyperactive reflexes, decrease in heart rate+ contraction force.

45
Q

What are the symptoms of an increased blood Ca2+ level?

A

Stones (kidney+liver), bone pain, abdominal pain, nausea, dehydration, decreased muscle tone and an altered mental state.

46
Q

What hormone increases respiration in pregnant women?

A

Progesterone.

47
Q

What is FEV1?

A

Volume of air breathed out in one second.

48
Q

What is FVC?

A

Full vital capacity

49
Q

Name two obstrictive lung conditions.

A

COPD, asthma, cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis.

50
Q

Name two restrictive lung conditions.

A

Interstitial lung disease, sarcoidosis, obesity and scoliosis.

51
Q

How does an obstructive lung condition affect breathing?

A

Difficulty exhaling all air but inhaling is unaffected.

52
Q

How does a restrictive lung condition affect breathing?

A

Restrict lung expansion, resulting in a decreased lung volume, an increased work of breathing, and inadequate ventilation and/or oxygenation. Decrease in the forced vital capacity.

53
Q

What is the spirometry term used to describe the volume of air involved in normal breathing?

A

Tidal volume

54
Q

What is the spirometry term used to describe the volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs and is left over?

A

Forced residual capacity

55
Q

What is the spirometry term used to describe maximum inhalation to maximum exhalation?

A

Vital capacity

56
Q

What is unique about the larynx and pharynx of a human compared to other mammals?

A

Larynx and associated structures descended, the glottis+ soft palate are no longer in contact, the tongue forms the anterior pharyngeal wall and the oropharynx is greatly expanded.

57
Q

What is patient centred care?

A

Explores the patient’s main reason for the visit, concerns and needs for information. Seeks an integrated understanding of the patient’s world and finds common ground on what the problem is and mutually agrees on management.

58
Q

What is the conventional medical model?

A

The previous medical model. Everyone with the same illness has the same level of pain, takes the same amount of time to heal and has the same level of anxiety.

59
Q

What was wrong with the conventional medical model?

A

It was too simplistic as it did not take into account the social, psychological and behavioural dimensions.

60
Q

Disease vs illness

A

Disease: History, physical exam, investigations
Illness:Feelings, ideas, impact on function and expectations of function (FIFE)

61
Q

What is the task of medicine?

A

To cure sometimes, relieve often and comfort always.

Year 1 pharmacology (8 decks)

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