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PPS 910 > Block 2 > Flashcards

Block 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Who first separated pharmacy and medicine, and in what year?

A

Frederick II (emperor of Germany, king of Sicily), 1240 ad

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2
Q

The owner of a pharmacy used to be called a ______.

A

druggist

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3
Q

What does NARD stand for, and what has the name been changed to?

A

national association of retail druggists, now national community pharmacists association (NCPA)

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4
Q

When did pharmacy chains first get started?

A

early 1900s

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5
Q

What was the first pharmacy chain store and where did it start?

A

Walgreens in Chicago

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6
Q

In what decade did the clinical pharmacy movement begin (away from so much chemistry/biology focus)?

A

1970s

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7
Q

Which act put the requirement in place that at dispensing pharmacists must offer to talk to patients about their medicines?

A

OBRA (omnibus budget reconciliation act)

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8
Q

What does OBRA stand for and in what year was it put in place?

A

omnibus budget reconciliation act, 1990

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9
Q

What year did Medicare/Medicaid start in the US?

A

1965

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10
Q

What are the three kinds of physicians?

A

allopathic, homeopathic, osteopathic

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11
Q

What characterizes an allopathic doctor?

A

believes all kinds of things cause disease (MD)

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12
Q

What characterizes an osteopathic doctor?

A

believes root cause of disease is in bones (DO)

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13
Q

What characterizes a homeopathic doctor?

A

believes if you feel sick it’s because you’re not sick enough for your body’s homeostatic mechanisms to kick in, will make you sicker

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14
Q

When and where was the first college of pharmacy founded?

A

1821, Philadelphia (philadelphia college of pharmacy)

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15
Q

Where is the second oldest college of pharmacy?

A

boston

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16
Q

Which report encouraged the movement from for-profit physician education to university standing physician education?

A

Flexner Report

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17
Q

When and by whom was the Flexner Report written?

A

1910, by Abraham Flexner (from louisville, ky)

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18
Q

Which document recommended that pharmacy school should be 6 years long (2 yrs undergrad, 4 yrs professional)?

A

Elliot Survey

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19
Q

When did the Elliot Survey come out?

A

1949

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20
Q

What were the only two universities to adopt the 6yr recommendation of the Elliot Survey at first?

A

University of Southern California, University of San Francisco

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21
Q

Which commission took place during the “rise of the consumer movement” and looked at expanding the pharmacy curriculum?

A

Millis Commission

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22
Q

What year was the Millis Commission?

A

1975

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23
Q

What are the three “tiers” of pharmacy knowledge?

A

core knowledge, specialty knowledge in pharmacy, knowledge from other fields that can be applied to pharmacy

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24
Q

The American Council on Pharmaceutical Education is now known as…

A

accredidation council for pharmaceutical education (ACPE)

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25
Q

In what decade did the ACPE announce that in the near future only doctor of pharmacy programs (not B.S. programs) would be accredited?

A

1980s

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26
Q

In what decade did the APhA and other associations agree to support the 6yr pharmacy program?

A

1990s

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27
Q

Is a residency a degree program?

A

no

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28
Q

What does PGY1 stand for?

A

post-graduate year 1

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29
Q

What is the difference between a residency and fellowship?

A

fellowship more research-oriented (residency more practice-oriented)

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30
Q

What does it mean to be “board-eligible?”

A

you can take the board exam but have not done so yet (or took it and didn’t pass)

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31
Q

What are two examples of Rx-to-OTC drugs?

A

tinactin (foot cream), afrin (nasal spray)

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32
Q

What are anti-substitution laws?

A

state laws that said pharmacists had to dispense the exact brand written by prescriber (even if less expensive product available)

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33
Q

In what year did APhA hold a debate on whether to support repeal of anti-substitution laws (pharmacy students very vocal)?

A

1969

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34
Q

What was the first state to revise its anti-substitution laws?

A

KY

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35
Q

In what year was which state the last to repeal its anti-substitution laws, and why?

A

1983, Indiana, because of the Eli Lilly manufacturer

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36
Q

How long does a prescription product patent technically last? Why does it practically only act for about 5 years?

A

technically lasts 20 years, but starts from the time product invented, not when it’s approved (so really only about 5 years)

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37
Q

What do you call pharmacists who serve in long-term care?

A

consultant pharmacists

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38
Q

What is Dr. Jeff Carrico involved in?

A

investigational drug research

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39
Q

Who makes up the board of pharmacy usually?

A

5 pharmacists, 1 consumer

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40
Q

Who sends people to inspect pharmacies?

A

board of pharmacy

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41
Q

What does DEA stand for?

A

drug enforcement administration

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42
Q

If a drug is made solely in 1 state, could you argue the FDA does not have jurisdiction over it?

A

yes

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43
Q

What is an example of when a company (in 1970s) tried to circumvent FDA authority over drugs?

A

in Georgia, Laetrile (touted as anti-cancer drug) came from peach pits so georgia claimed FDA had no authority (however, didn’t use packaging, labels, cotton, etc made in georgia so FDA had authority)

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44
Q

The FDA has jurisdiction over about what percentage of commerce?

A

40%

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45
Q

Manufacturing across state lines is under _____ regulation, while professional pharmacy is under _____ regulation.

A

federal (FDA) and state

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46
Q

What is “scope of practice?”

A

the range of activities a professional is allowed to do

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47
Q

Between psychiatrists and psychologists, which have an MD?

A

psychiatrists

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48
Q

Between ophthalmologists and optometrists, which have an MD?

A

ophthalmologists

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49
Q

PharmD =

A

doctor of pharmacy

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50
Q

JD =

A

doctor of law

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51
Q

DDS =

A

doctor of dental surgery

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52
Q

DMD =

A

doctor of dental medicine

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53
Q

DVM/VMD =

A

doctor of veterinary medicine

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54
Q

DPM =

A

doctor of podiatric medicine

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55
Q

DNP =

A

doctor of nursing practice

56
Q

NP

A

naturopathic physician

57
Q

How many states license naturopathic physicians?

A

8

58
Q

DC =

A

doctor of chiropractic

59
Q

Can chiropractic doctors prescribe?

A

no

60
Q

PhD =

A

doctor of philosophy

61
Q

DBA =

A

doctor of business administration

62
Q

EdD =

A

doctor of education

63
Q

What are two examples of honorary degrees?

A

DLH (literature), DHL (doctor of humane letters)

64
Q

DSC =

A

doctor of surgical chiropody (old designation)

65
Q

DSc =

A

doctor of science (not given much now)

66
Q

What is the only thing naturopathic physicians can prescribe?

A

herbs

67
Q

PA-C =

A

physicians assistant, certified

68
Q

APRN =

A

advanced practice registered nurse

69
Q

Nurse practicioners (APRNs) are only allowed to prescribe ____ days of medicine

A

3

70
Q

______ is a pharmacist’s degree, ____ indicates licensure.

A

PharmD and RPh

71
Q

RPh =

A

registered pharmacist

72
Q

What are the two states that use DPh (doctor of pharmacy) as an indication of licensure?

A

arkansas, tennessee

73
Q

Which state uses RP (registered pharmacist) as indication of licensure?

A

New Jersey

74
Q

What is the basis for how medicare reimburses hospitals for care?

A

DRGs (diagnosis related groups)

75
Q

In what situation will a hospital not receive ANY reimbursement for care from medicare?

A

if the patient leaves the hospital and is readmitted within thirty days (no reimbursement includes first stay)

76
Q

PhD =

A

doctor of philosophy

77
Q

MPA =

A

master of public administration

78
Q

MPH =

A

master of public health

79
Q

BPS =

A

board of pharmacy specialties

80
Q

BCOP =

A

board certified oncological pharmacist

81
Q

BCACP =

A

board certified ambulatory care pharmacist

82
Q

CDM =

A

certified disease management

83
Q

Pain management is a subspecialty of which physician specialization?

A

anesthesiology

84
Q

What is one of the most sought after medicine specializations today (because not on call, etc.)?

A

dermatology

85
Q

In what situation might you be able to practice pharmacy in a state where you are not licensed there?

A

when you practice on federal land (at the VA, military bases, etc.)

86
Q

CRNA =

A

certified registered nurse anestheticists

87
Q

Physicians in _________ used to be known as general practicioners.

A

family medicine

88
Q

What is the broadest category of medicine?

A

internal medicine

89
Q

Who commonly runs dialysis clinics?

A

nephrologists

90
Q

Many doctors in obstetrics (babies) also do what?

A

gynecology

91
Q

What does occupational medicine deal with?

A

workplace hazards

92
Q

_______ primarily work in a lab, help with diagnoses (the doctor’s doctor).

A

pathologists

93
Q

What does a physiatrist deal with?

A

those with physical injuries (like people going through PT)

94
Q

Are most physicians who work in hospitals employees of the hospital?

A

no

95
Q

What is the role of hospitalists?

A

physician employees of the hospital, hired to be there at night to take care of issues that arise

96
Q

A hospital in ______ has a pharmacist in the sports medicine clinic.

A

knoxville

97
Q

Otorhinolaryngology deals with…

A

ear, nose, throat

98
Q

Orthopaedic surgery deals with…

A

movement

99
Q

What are the four specializations that make up primary care?

A

pediatrics, OB/GYN, internal medicine, family medicine

100
Q

Who ultimately decides which doctors to hire (give privileges to)?

A

hospital board of trustees

101
Q

_____ laws set the pharmacy scope of practice

A

state

102
Q

Who accredits hospital and ambulatory care facilities?

A

the joint commission (formerly joint commission on accredidation of health care organizations)

103
Q

USP =

A

united states pharmacopoeia

104
Q

NF =

A

national formulary

105
Q

Which is considered a drug: deoderant or antiperspirant? Why?

A

antiperspirant, because it affects the structure/function of body (stopping sweating)

106
Q

API =

A

active pharmaceutical ingredient

107
Q

What are three characteristics that will lead to a drug being labeled as prescription?

A

if habit-forming, toxicity/potential for harmful effects/method of use not safe for use except under doctor supervision, limited by approved new drug application (NDA)

108
Q

What is one of the only non-prescription injectables?

A

insulin

109
Q

IND =

A

investigational new drug

110
Q

______ deals primarily with labeling errors, while ______ relates to errors in the composition of the drug.

A

misbranding and adulteration

111
Q

When was the first federal statute dealing with drug quality/purity passed?

A

1848 (because of problems with quinine purity in malaria trtment)

112
Q

When was the Pure Food and Drug Act enacted?

A

1906

113
Q

Which book by upton sinclair helped spur the passage of the pure food and drug act?

A

the jungle

114
Q

When did Congress pass a statute that a product must be safe before it is marketed?

A

1938

115
Q

What helped spur the safety statute of 1938?

A

the use of diethylene glycol to dissolve drug (diethylene glycol poisonous, kills liver)

116
Q

Thalidomide was never approved in the US thanks to who?

A

Frances Kelsey

117
Q

When did Congress pass a statute saying drug product must be effective as well as safe?

A

1962 (after thalidomide incidents)

118
Q

When was the Durham-Humphrey Amendment passed and what did it do?

A

1951, split drugs into OTC and Rx categories

119
Q

APHA =

A

american public health association

120
Q

APhA =

A

american pharmacists association

121
Q

What is the purpose of the OTC drug review?

A

to review for safety and efficacy all the drugs that were grandfathered in under earlier statutes

122
Q

OTC drug products were divided into ____ different therapeutic classes for the drug review, based on ____ active ingredients.

A

80 and 800

123
Q

______ in Michigan is a company that commonly makes generic brand products for chain stores.

A

Parago

124
Q

Does FDA have authority to issue a recall?

A

no

125
Q

Who regulates OTC advertisements?

A

FTC (federal trade commission)

126
Q

Prescription drugs used to be known as _________ drugs.

A

federal legend

127
Q

What legislation established standards for closure (child-resistant caps)?

A

poison prevention packaging act (1970)

128
Q

What dosage forms does the poison prevention packaging act cover?

A

all oral prescription dosage forms

129
Q

What are two examples of OTC drugs that are required to be in child-resistant packaging?

A

iron, aspirin

130
Q

Which drugs are exempt from the standards for closure?

A

drugs that pt needs immediate access to (nitroglycerin, etc.)

131
Q

_____ can do a blanket request for standard (easy open) packaging for all medications, but _______ must request it on a case by case basis.

A

patients and prescribers

132
Q

Which act required a barrier to indicate tampering and a warning about tampering on the label?

A

Federal Anti-Tampering Act (because of tylenol cyanide incidents in 1980s)

133
Q

Dietary supplements are classified as ____, not drugs, and so can be marketed without FDA approval.

A

foods

134
Q

What did the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Acto of 1994 establish?

A

dietary supplements can include “statements of nutritional support” on label (but not therapeutic claims)

135
Q

FDA =

A

food and drug administration

136
Q

What word is used to describe the process of transferring a prescription?

A

reciprocity

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