Block 2 Flashcards
Who first separated pharmacy and medicine, and in what year?
Frederick II (emperor of Germany, king of Sicily), 1240 ad
The owner of a pharmacy used to be called a ______.
druggist
What does NARD stand for, and what has the name been changed to?
national association of retail druggists, now national community pharmacists association (NCPA)
When did pharmacy chains first get started?
early 1900s
What was the first pharmacy chain store and where did it start?
Walgreens in Chicago
In what decade did the clinical pharmacy movement begin (away from so much chemistry/biology focus)?
1970s
Which act put the requirement in place that at dispensing pharmacists must offer to talk to patients about their medicines?
OBRA (omnibus budget reconciliation act)
What does OBRA stand for and in what year was it put in place?
omnibus budget reconciliation act, 1990
What year did Medicare/Medicaid start in the US?
1965
What are the three kinds of physicians?
allopathic, homeopathic, osteopathic
What characterizes an allopathic doctor?
believes all kinds of things cause disease (MD)
What characterizes an osteopathic doctor?
believes root cause of disease is in bones (DO)
What characterizes a homeopathic doctor?
believes if you feel sick it’s because you’re not sick enough for your body’s homeostatic mechanisms to kick in, will make you sicker
When and where was the first college of pharmacy founded?
1821, Philadelphia (philadelphia college of pharmacy)
Where is the second oldest college of pharmacy?
boston
Which report encouraged the movement from for-profit physician education to university standing physician education?
Flexner Report
When and by whom was the Flexner Report written?
1910, by Abraham Flexner (from louisville, ky)
Which document recommended that pharmacy school should be 6 years long (2 yrs undergrad, 4 yrs professional)?
Elliot Survey
When did the Elliot Survey come out?
1949
What were the only two universities to adopt the 6yr recommendation of the Elliot Survey at first?
University of Southern California, University of San Francisco
Which commission took place during the “rise of the consumer movement” and looked at expanding the pharmacy curriculum?
Millis Commission
What year was the Millis Commission?
1975
What are the three “tiers” of pharmacy knowledge?
core knowledge, specialty knowledge in pharmacy, knowledge from other fields that can be applied to pharmacy
The American Council on Pharmaceutical Education is now known as…
accredidation council for pharmaceutical education (ACPE)
In what decade did the ACPE announce that in the near future only doctor of pharmacy programs (not B.S. programs) would be accredited?
1980s
In what decade did the APhA and other associations agree to support the 6yr pharmacy program?
1990s
Is a residency a degree program?
no
What does PGY1 stand for?
post-graduate year 1
What is the difference between a residency and fellowship?
fellowship more research-oriented (residency more practice-oriented)
What does it mean to be “board-eligible?”
you can take the board exam but have not done so yet (or took it and didn’t pass)
What are two examples of Rx-to-OTC drugs?
tinactin (foot cream), afrin (nasal spray)
What are anti-substitution laws?
state laws that said pharmacists had to dispense the exact brand written by prescriber (even if less expensive product available)
In what year did APhA hold a debate on whether to support repeal of anti-substitution laws (pharmacy students very vocal)?
1969
What was the first state to revise its anti-substitution laws?
KY
In what year was which state the last to repeal its anti-substitution laws, and why?
1983, Indiana, because of the Eli Lilly manufacturer
How long does a prescription product patent technically last? Why does it practically only act for about 5 years?
technically lasts 20 years, but starts from the time product invented, not when it’s approved (so really only about 5 years)
What do you call pharmacists who serve in long-term care?
consultant pharmacists
What is Dr. Jeff Carrico involved in?
investigational drug research
Who makes up the board of pharmacy usually?
5 pharmacists, 1 consumer
Who sends people to inspect pharmacies?
board of pharmacy
What does DEA stand for?
drug enforcement administration
If a drug is made solely in 1 state, could you argue the FDA does not have jurisdiction over it?
yes
What is an example of when a company (in 1970s) tried to circumvent FDA authority over drugs?
in Georgia, Laetrile (touted as anti-cancer drug) came from peach pits so georgia claimed FDA had no authority (however, didn’t use packaging, labels, cotton, etc made in georgia so FDA had authority)
The FDA has jurisdiction over about what percentage of commerce?
40%
Manufacturing across state lines is under _____ regulation, while professional pharmacy is under _____ regulation.
federal (FDA) and state
What is “scope of practice?”
the range of activities a professional is allowed to do
Between psychiatrists and psychologists, which have an MD?
psychiatrists
Between ophthalmologists and optometrists, which have an MD?
ophthalmologists
PharmD =
doctor of pharmacy
JD =
doctor of law
DDS =
doctor of dental surgery
DMD =
doctor of dental medicine
DVM/VMD =
doctor of veterinary medicine
DPM =
doctor of podiatric medicine
DNP =
doctor of nursing practice
NP
naturopathic physician
How many states license naturopathic physicians?
8
DC =
doctor of chiropractic
Can chiropractic doctors prescribe?
no
PhD =
doctor of philosophy
DBA =
doctor of business administration
EdD =
doctor of education
What are two examples of honorary degrees?
DLH (literature), DHL (doctor of humane letters)
DSC =
doctor of surgical chiropody (old designation)
DSc =
doctor of science (not given much now)
What is the only thing naturopathic physicians can prescribe?
herbs
PA-C =
physicians assistant, certified
APRN =
advanced practice registered nurse
Nurse practicioners (APRNs) are only allowed to prescribe ____ days of medicine
3
______ is a pharmacist’s degree, ____ indicates licensure.
PharmD and RPh
RPh =
registered pharmacist
What are the two states that use DPh (doctor of pharmacy) as an indication of licensure?
arkansas, tennessee
Which state uses RP (registered pharmacist) as indication of licensure?
New Jersey
What is the basis for how medicare reimburses hospitals for care?
DRGs (diagnosis related groups)
In what situation will a hospital not receive ANY reimbursement for care from medicare?
if the patient leaves the hospital and is readmitted within thirty days (no reimbursement includes first stay)
PhD =
doctor of philosophy
MPA =
master of public administration
MPH =
master of public health
BPS =
board of pharmacy specialties
BCOP =
board certified oncological pharmacist
BCACP =
board certified ambulatory care pharmacist
CDM =
certified disease management
Pain management is a subspecialty of which physician specialization?
anesthesiology
What is one of the most sought after medicine specializations today (because not on call, etc.)?
dermatology
In what situation might you be able to practice pharmacy in a state where you are not licensed there?
when you practice on federal land (at the VA, military bases, etc.)
CRNA =
certified registered nurse anestheticists
Physicians in _________ used to be known as general practicioners.
family medicine
What is the broadest category of medicine?
internal medicine
Who commonly runs dialysis clinics?
nephrologists
Many doctors in obstetrics (babies) also do what?
gynecology
What does occupational medicine deal with?
workplace hazards
_______ primarily work in a lab, help with diagnoses (the doctor’s doctor).
pathologists
What does a physiatrist deal with?
those with physical injuries (like people going through PT)
Are most physicians who work in hospitals employees of the hospital?
no
What is the role of hospitalists?
physician employees of the hospital, hired to be there at night to take care of issues that arise
A hospital in ______ has a pharmacist in the sports medicine clinic.
knoxville
Otorhinolaryngology deals with…
ear, nose, throat
Orthopaedic surgery deals with…
movement
What are the four specializations that make up primary care?
pediatrics, OB/GYN, internal medicine, family medicine
Who ultimately decides which doctors to hire (give privileges to)?
hospital board of trustees
_____ laws set the pharmacy scope of practice
state
Who accredits hospital and ambulatory care facilities?
the joint commission (formerly joint commission on accredidation of health care organizations)
USP =
united states pharmacopoeia
NF =
national formulary
Which is considered a drug: deoderant or antiperspirant? Why?
antiperspirant, because it affects the structure/function of body (stopping sweating)
API =
active pharmaceutical ingredient
What are three characteristics that will lead to a drug being labeled as prescription?
if habit-forming, toxicity/potential for harmful effects/method of use not safe for use except under doctor supervision, limited by approved new drug application (NDA)
What is one of the only non-prescription injectables?
insulin
IND =
investigational new drug
______ deals primarily with labeling errors, while ______ relates to errors in the composition of the drug.
misbranding and adulteration
When was the first federal statute dealing with drug quality/purity passed?
1848 (because of problems with quinine purity in malaria trtment)
When was the Pure Food and Drug Act enacted?
1906
Which book by upton sinclair helped spur the passage of the pure food and drug act?
the jungle
When did Congress pass a statute that a product must be safe before it is marketed?
1938
What helped spur the safety statute of 1938?
the use of diethylene glycol to dissolve drug (diethylene glycol poisonous, kills liver)
Thalidomide was never approved in the US thanks to who?
Frances Kelsey
When did Congress pass a statute saying drug product must be effective as well as safe?
1962 (after thalidomide incidents)
When was the Durham-Humphrey Amendment passed and what did it do?
1951, split drugs into OTC and Rx categories
APHA =
american public health association
APhA =
american pharmacists association
What is the purpose of the OTC drug review?
to review for safety and efficacy all the drugs that were grandfathered in under earlier statutes
OTC drug products were divided into ____ different therapeutic classes for the drug review, based on ____ active ingredients.
80 and 800
______ in Michigan is a company that commonly makes generic brand products for chain stores.
Parago
Does FDA have authority to issue a recall?
no
Who regulates OTC advertisements?
FTC (federal trade commission)
Prescription drugs used to be known as _________ drugs.
federal legend
What legislation established standards for closure (child-resistant caps)?
poison prevention packaging act (1970)
What dosage forms does the poison prevention packaging act cover?
all oral prescription dosage forms
What are two examples of OTC drugs that are required to be in child-resistant packaging?
iron, aspirin
Which drugs are exempt from the standards for closure?
drugs that pt needs immediate access to (nitroglycerin, etc.)
_____ can do a blanket request for standard (easy open) packaging for all medications, but _______ must request it on a case by case basis.
patients and prescribers
Which act required a barrier to indicate tampering and a warning about tampering on the label?
Federal Anti-Tampering Act (because of tylenol cyanide incidents in 1980s)
Dietary supplements are classified as ____, not drugs, and so can be marketed without FDA approval.
foods
What did the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Acto of 1994 establish?
dietary supplements can include “statements of nutritional support” on label (but not therapeutic claims)
FDA =
food and drug administration
What word is used to describe the process of transferring a prescription?
reciprocity
