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SocPop > Block 1 SocPop > Flashcards

Block 1 SocPop Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four principles of person-centered care?

A
  1. Care is personalised
  2. Care is coordinated
  3. Care is enabling
  4. Person is treated with dignity, compassion and respect
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2
Q

What are the ethical principles and values of person centred care? (5)

A
  1. Respect
  2. Autonomy,
  3. Dignity
  4. Care
  5. Consequences
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3
Q

When is consent necessary in healthcare? (6)

A
  1. Treatment
  2. Investigation
  3. Examination
  4. Disclosure of information
  5. Research
  6. Education
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4
Q

What are the two types of consent?

A

Explicit and Implicit

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5
Q

What are the 3 basic elements of valid consent?

A
  1. Competence/capacity
  2. Information
  3. Voluntariness
    Attempts should be made to maximise the quality of consent.
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6
Q

Define and explain capacity in consent.

A

The assessment of a person’s capacity must be based on their ability to make a specific decision at at the time it needs to be made. If a person cannot do one (or more) of the following they are unable to make the decision:
a) UNDERSTAND the information given to them
b) RETAIN the information for long enough to make the decision
c) Use or weigh up the information in the DECISION-MAKING process
d) COMMUNICATE their decision
DURC!

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7
Q

Is a signed consent form proof of valid consent?

A

No, because it must be confirmed that the patient did not lack capacity, was provided with sufficient information and gave the consent voluntarily. Must document significant aspects of the conversation.

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8
Q

Name 5 potential obstacles to informed consent

A
  1. Poor information/time pressure during information provision
  2. Being rushed into making a decision (give space to decide)
  3. Being pressured to make a decision by a third party e.g. relatives, employers, insurers
  4. Emergency situations (can treat without consent provided treatment is immediately necessary to save life or prevent serious deterioration)
  5. Language barriers - no guarantee information is translated correctly. Get independent interpreter where possible.
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9
Q

Name 3 types of prevalence

A
  1. Point prevalence
  2. Period prevalence
  3. Lifetime prevalence
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10
Q

Explain the 3 types of prevalence

A

Point prevalence = proportion of individuals with the condition at a specified point in time e.g. currently, 1% of students have the flu

Period prevalence = proportion of individuals with the condition at any time during specified time interval e.g. 3% of students suffer with the flu each month

Lifetime prevalence = proportion of individuals who will suffer with the condition at any point in their lives e.g. 70% of people born today will suffer with flu during their lifetime

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11
Q

What is prevalence?

A

A measure of how common a disease is

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12
Q

What is incidence (rate)?

A

The rate at which new events occur in a population, over a defined period of time. Can be expressed as per n people per time period or per n person-years.

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13
Q

What is person-years?

A

Person-years is a measurement combining the number of people observed and the number of years they were observed for; person-years = number of people x number of years

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14
Q

Name the four factors affecting prevalence

A
  1. Incidence rate
  2. Recovery rate
  3. Death rate
  4. Transfer (migration) rate
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15
Q

What is a point estimate?

A

A point estimate is our best guess based on sample data. Also describe level of uncertainty around the best guess.

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16
Q

What is sampling error?

A

The difference between the sample point estimates and the truth is sampling error. To eliminate sampling error, you would have to test the whole population which is not feasible but to rerduce the error you can test a larger sample. The standard error is a numerical value that represents the sampling error - a large SE suggests that our best guess is far from the truth.

17
Q

How do you calculate a confidence interval?

A

A 95% confidence interval includes all values within 1.96 standard errors of the point estimate.
Lower bound = point estimate - (1.96 x SE)
Upper bound = point estimate - (1.96 x SE)

18
Q

What is demography?

A

The study of the size, structure, dipersement, and development of human populations.

19
Q

What is a census?

A

The simultaneous recording of demographic data by the government at a particular time pertaining to all the persons who live in a particular territory.

20
Q

What is the CART for assessing quality of health information?

A 
Completeness
Accuracy 
Representativeness/relevance
Timeliness
Accessibility
21
Q

Give 3 measures of fertility

A

Crude birth rate = live births/1000 population (but includes men!)
General fertility rate = live births/1000 women aged 15-44 years (child bearing lifespan)
Total fertility rate = number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children in accordance with her current age-specific fertility rates (number of children born per woman - in the UK this is currently 1.76)

22
Q

What are the 3 domains of the QoF?

A 
Clinical (19 clinical areas managing common diseases e.g. diabetes, asthma, worth 435 points)
Public health (97 points for 4 areas: CVD primary prevention, BP, Obesity 18+, smoking 15+)
Public health - additional services: cervical screening and contraception; 27 points
23
Q

What is QoF and how does it work?

A

QoF = Quality and Outcomes Framework. Introduced into GP contract in 2004, linked to GP payments, voluntary, ‘rewarding good practice’ to improve care
Maximum of 559 points in 3 domains of clinical, public health and public health additional services.
Point system - GP practices are scored against indicators. Higher score = higher GP income - significant incentive as £179.26 per QoF point per GP in 2018/19.

24
Q

How many notifiable infectious diseases are there in England and Wales?

A

31….including whooping cough! Information sent to public health england. PHE collates and produces national trends each week.
Notifications must be timely - weekly
Represensative
Linked to data to prove accuracy e.g. lab reports

SocPop (1 decks)

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