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M1 - Immuno > Block 1 Review > Flashcards

Block 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

IL-2

A

stimulates T cell development, proliferation, and survival; also maintains regulatrory T cells, thereby controlling immune response; produced by CD4+ and CD8+ cells

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2
Q

3 TFs that regulate IL-2 expression

A
  1. NFAT (from IP3/DAG pathway)
  2. NF-kB (from PKC pathway)
  3. AP-1 (Fos + Jun; from Ras pathway)
    * all 3 accumulate in nucleus and bind to promotor on IL-2 gene
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3
Q

high-affinity IL-2 receptor chain

A

alpha, beta, and gamma

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4
Q

low-affinity IL-2 receptor chain

A

beta and gamma

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5
Q

1st cytokine produced by activated CD4+ T cells?

A

IL-2

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6
Q

how does IL-2 affinity change on activated T cells?

A

Naive T cells express only beta and gamma IL-2 receptor chains, so don’t bind IL-2 with high affinity. Within hours after activation, T cells produce alpha receptor chain, so the complete IL-2 receptor can bind IL-2 strongly

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7
Q

example of autocrine T cell stimulation?

A

IL-2 produced by activated T cells preferentially binds to and acts on the same T cells

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8
Q

IL-4

A

produced by Th2 cells; functions include:

  • IgE production (mast cell/eosinophil activation)
  • M2 activation
  • mucus secretion
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9
Q

IL-5

A

Th2 cytokine that activates eosinophils

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10
Q

4 general properties of T cell cytokines

A
  1. produced transiently in response to antigen
  2. autocrine or paracrine functions
  3. pleiotropic (mutliple biologic actions)
  4. redundancy/overlap btwn cytokine functions
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11
Q

IFN-gamma

A

produced by NK cells and T cells (Th1);

  • activates M1 macrophages
  • stimulates expression of MHC II and B7 on dendritic cells and macrophages
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12
Q

IL-17

A

Th17 cytokine that stimulates acute inflammation

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13
Q

TGF-beta

A

inhibits T cell activation; stimulates differentiation of Th17 & regulatory T cells; activates M2 macrophages

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14
Q

T cell differentiation mediated by?

A

changes in gene expression

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15
Q

CD4+ effector function

A

activate phagocytes and B cells through cytokine secretion

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16
Q

CD8+ effector function

A

kill infected cells

17
Q

most important cell surface protein for CD4+ effector function?

A

CD40L – expressed on active CD4+ cells; activates B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages by binding to their CD40 receptor

18
Q

CD40L

A

expressed on active CD4+ cells; activates B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages by binding to their CD40 receptor

19
Q

CD40 receptor

A

B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages are activated when CD40L on CD4+ cell binds to their CD40 receptor

20
Q

Th1 cell function

A

stimulate phagocyte-mediated ingestion and killing of microbes

21
Q

Th2 cell function

A
  • stimulate eosinophil-mediated immunity for defense against parasites
  • role in allergic reactions
22
Q

Th17 cell function

A
  • induce inflammation to destroy extracellular bacteria and fungi
  • recruit leukocytes (mainly neutrophils but also monocytes) to sites of antigen recognition
  • may contribute to several inflammatory diseases (MS, IBS, rheumatoid arthritis)
23
Q

regulatory T cells

A

inhibit CD4+ and CD8+ effector functions

24
Q

Type I IFNs (alpha, beta)

A

induce resistance to viral infection and replication (antiviral state)

25
Q

generally, how do antibodies promote phagocytosis?

A

bind directly to phagocyte Fc receptors and activate complement, generating products that bind to phagocyte complement receptors

26
Q

Th1 cytokine production

A

IFN-gamma → activates M1 macrophages; stimulates production of antibodies that promote phagocytosis

27
Q

Th2 cytokine production

A

IL-3 →
IL-4 → IgE production (mast cell/eosinophil activation); M2 activation; mucus secretion
IL-5 → eosinophil activation
IL-10 → inhibition of macrophage microbicidal activities
IL-13 → M2 activation; inhibition of macrophage microbicidal activities

28
Q

what stimulates Th1 differentiation?

A

IFN-gamma (from NK cells)

IL-12 (from dendritic cells, macrophages)

29
Q

what stimulates Th2 differentiation?

A

IL-4

30
Q

what stimulates Th17 differentiation?

A

IL-1
IL-6
IL-23
TGF-beta

31
Q

what activates M1 macrophages?

A

IFN-gamma

TLR ligands

32
Q

what activates M2 macrophages?

A

IL-3

IL-4

33
Q

M1 macrophage cytokine production

A

IL-1 →
IL-12 →
IL-23 →
chemokines

34
Q

M2 macrophage cytokine production

A

TGF-beta

IL-10

35
Q

M1 macrophage function

A

inflammation; microbicide

36
Q

M2 macrophage function

A

anti-inflammatory effects; wound repair

37
Q

Th17 cytokine production

A

IL-17 →

IL-22 →

M1 - Immuno (3 decks)

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