Block #1 - Growth and Development Flashcards
Morbidity
Prevalence of an illness in a population at a time
Mortality
Deaths per 1,000 people in a given population
Nature vs. Nurture
Genetics vs. environment which a child is raised in
What is the recommended site for IM injections in infants?
Vastus Lateralis (outer thigh)
How do you calculate output on an infant?
Compare the weight of a clean and soiled diaper.
1 g = 1 mL out put
What is the age range for “Infant?”
Birth to 1 year
What is the expected weight gain for an infant?
- Return to birth weight by 10 - 14 days
- Double birth weight by 6 months
- Triple birth weight by 12 months
What is the expected height gain for an infant?
1” per month until 6 months, then sporadic growth spurts
Moro reflex
- Birth to 4 months
- Startle the baby to test
Babinski Reflex
- Birth to 12 months
- Stroke feet and the toes splay
Sucking Reflex
- Birth to 2-5 months
- A baby will begin to suck on anything put in its mouth
Rooting Reflex
- Birth to 3 months
- A baby will turn towards something that is on their cheek and attempt to suck
Parachute Reflex
Hold the baby prone and “drop” it a little, arms should reach out to try and catch itself
Locomotion/Cephalocaudal Development Order
1- Pushes up from prone (4 months)
2- Propel/crawl on all 4’s (8 months)
3- Pulls self up to stand alone (10 months)
4- Walks while holding onto a hand (11 months)
5- Stands and walks by themselves (12 months)
Infant Gross Motor Skills
- Full hand, pincer grasp
- Rolls from abdomen to back (4-5 months)
- Sits alone (7 months)
- Moves from prone to sitting ( 10 months)
Infant Fine Motor Skills
-Fingers, pincer grasp (10 months)
When does a fear of strangers develop?
7 to 9 months
How do you calculate developmental age for a premature baby?
Chronological age - weeks immature (<40) = developmental age
This is only used until 12 months
When is food other than breastmilk/formula introduced and what is?
5 months - rice cereal
Vegetables and then fruit can be introduced at 6-8 months
What are exception for recommening breastfeeding to a mother?
- Infants with galactosemia
- Maternal use of illicit drugs
- Maternal untreated active TB
- Maternal HIV infection in developed countries
What age range is “Toddler?”
1 to 3 years
What is the expected weight gain for a toddler?
3 to 5 lbs per year
What is the expected height gain for a toddler?
3” per year
approx. 1/2 of adult height by 2
What are signs that toddler is ready for Potty Training?
- Regular bowel movements
- Expresses knowledge of need to use the bathroom
- The diaper is not always wet
- The toddler is willing to follow instructions
- The toddler walks well alone and can pull down their pants
- The toddler follows caregiver to the bathroom
- The toddler climbs onto potty chair or toilet
When should the fontanelles (anterior/posterior) close and what can be determined by assessing them?
- Anterior closes @ 12-18 months.
- Posterior closes @ 2-4 months
*They can indicate hydration status by being swollen or sunken
What are the gross motor skills expected in a toddler?
- Running
- Climbing
- Jumping
- Pulling and pushing a toy
- Throwing a ball (not catching)
- Pedaling a tricycle
What are the expected fine motor skills in a toddler?
- Progress from holding and pinching to using utensils
- Hold a crayon
- String a bead
- Use a computer
- Stack blocks (1 year old- 4 blocks, 3 year old- 10 blocks)
What is language like for toddlers?
- Echolalia: the toddler repeats what they hear without understanding the meaning
- Telegraphic speech: the toddler only uses key words, not full sentences (“me hungry”)
What are foods high in Vitamin A?
- Apricots
- Cantaloupe
- Carrots
- Mangoes
- Spinach and darky leafy greens
- Sweet potatoes
What are foods high in Folate?
- Avocados
- Broccoli
- Green peas
- Oranges
- Spinach and dark leafy greens
- Strawberries
What are foods high in Vitamin C?
- Broccoli
- Oranges
- Cantaloupe
- Green peas
- Potatoes
- Strawberries
- Tomatoes
What are foods high in Fiber?
- Applesauce
- Carrots
- Corn
- Green beans
- Mangoes
- Pears
At what age can temperment be assessed?
Temperment can be assessed at any age through various methods
What age range is “Preschool?”
3 to 6 years
What is the expected weight gain for a preschooler?
About 5 lbs per year
What is the expected height gain for a preschooler?
2.5” to 3” per year
What are the expected motor skills for a preschooler at ages 3, 4, and 5?
- By 3 years: walking, running, climping, jumping
- By 4 years: skips and hops on one foot, throws ball over hand
- By 5 years: draws a person with a body and 6 parts, mostly takes care of own toilet needs
What is the expected communication levels for a 4-year-old, 5-year-old, and a school age child?
- 4 years: 1,500 words
- 5 years: 2,100 words
- School age: 8,000 - 14,000
What is the Denver Developmental Test and how is it done?
- It is a test (at 8 months) for assessing a childs motor skills
- A nurse records all of a child actions for a couple of hours, then they are evaluated by and trained professional.
How do preschoolers react to traumatic events?
They often feel guilt, whether or not it was their fault in any way.
What are some of the most common developmental issues?
Lying - Often done to try and avoid punishment
Sex Education - Only bring up if the child asks about it, then ask them what they think happens
Masturbation- Don’t punish or make a big deal of this or it will get worse. Simply stop them
What are risk factors for being overweight and obese in preschoolers?
- Hypertension
- Hyperlipidemia
- Insulin Resistance
What are foods that are high in Calcium?
- Low fat or whole milk
- Low fat yogurt
- Cheddar cheese
- White beans
- Tofu
- Raw broccoli
What is the age range of the “school age” child?
6 to 12 years
What is the expected height gain for a school age child?
2” per year
Children are expected to increase about 1’ during this stage
What is the expected weight gain for a school age child?
4 to 6 lbs
When do the child’s organs reach adult size and function?
10-years-old
What are two ways to prevent back issues in later life?
- Good supportive shoes
- Do not allow a very heavy backpack
What are common vision problems that need correcting in this stage?
- Strabismus (Cross-eyed): may need surgery to correct and prevent resulting blindness
- Amblyopia (Lazy Eye): patch the good eye to strength the bad, as this can caused many detrimental effects on vision
What fine motor skills are in school aged children?
Hand usage improves
Hand-eye coordination and balance improves
Can write, print words, sew, to build models
Takes pride in dextrous activities and fine motor skills (i.e. instruments)
What are common school age fears?
- 10% of children have fear of school
- Kidnapping
- Surgery that affects appearance
- Death/dying
How should a child be disciplined?
- No spankings/beatings
- Discipline but praise good as well
- Timeout (1 minute per year old)
- Grounding
When should sleepwalking and night terrors end?
By 8 to 10 years old
What is the age range for “Teens?”
12 to 19 years old
Which group has the biggest impact on/importance to teens?
Peers
What are barriers to task completion that may be encountered in caring for teens?
Cultural
Racial
Socio-economic (most impactful barrier)
What are signs of risk for suicide?
- Previous attempts
- Changes in social behavior
- Depressed
- Moody
- Giving things away
- Sudden change in friend groups
What is the #1 cause of death in teens and potential causes of it?
Unintentional Injury
- Peer pressure
- Rapid growth’s effects on coordination
- Lack of experience
- Lack of self control
When do teens begin puberty?
Girls: 9-10 years old
Boys: 10-11 years old
What does an increase in FSH trigger?
Girls: stimulates the growth ovarian follicles and the production of estrogen
Boys: stimulates sperm production
What does an increase in LH trigger?
Girls: initiates ovulation and progesterone production
Boys: prompts maturation of testicles and production of testosterone
Who created a staging method to determine sexual maturity?
Dr. Tanner
Anorexia implications
- Control issues
- Psychological disturbance
- Genetic tendency
- Distorted view of self
- Life threatening, if uncontrolled
Unhealthy Romantic Relationship Risks
- Dating Violence
- STI’s r/t risky sexual activity
- Premature pregnancy
