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chem110 > Block 1: Foundations > Flashcards

Block 1: Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

What is the charge of the more electronegative element?

A

More negative

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2
Q

Why are double bonds more readily polarised?

A

Due to the relative mobility it pi electrons

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3
Q

What is sp3?

A

A carbon with 4 atoms attached

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4
Q

Which molecules have a higher boiling point?

A

Those with an increased molecular size

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5
Q

What do more functional groups/polar bonds do to boiling point?

A

Correlates with a higher boiling point

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6
Q

What is a primary alcohol?

A

When the alcohol is attached to a carbon connected to one other carbon

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7
Q

What is a secondary (2•) alcohol?

A

When the OH is attached to a carbon attached to two other carbons

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8
Q

What is a tertiary (3•) carbon?

A

When the OH group is attached to a carbon attached to three other carbons

(Also used for alkyl halides)

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9
Q

What is an ortho- aromatic compound?

A

X2 Cl are in the 1,2 position

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10
Q

What is a meta aromatic compound?

A

X2 Cl are in the 1,3 position

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11
Q

What is a para aromatic compound?

A

X2 Cl are in the 1,4 position

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12
Q

What is a constitutional isomer?

A

Different sequence of bonds

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13
Q

What is a stereoisomer?

A

Different arrangement of groups in space

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14
Q

What is a conformational isomer?

A

Differ by rotation around a single bond

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15
Q

What is a configuration so isomer?

A

Interconversion requires breaking bonds

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16
Q

What are enantiomers?

A

Non-super imposable mirror images

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17
Q

What are diastomers?

A

Non mirror images

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18
Q

What is the formula for a molecular formula with no rings and only single bonds?

A

Cn H2n+2

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19
Q

What is the formula for a molecule that must contain either one double bond or ring?

A

CnH2n

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20
Q

Formula for double bonds equivalents?

A

1/2 (2xcarbon + (nitrogen) - hydrogen + 2) = number of double bonds

21
Q

What is a staggered Newman projection?

A

Not blocking each other

22
Q

What is an eclipsed Newman projection?

A

The C-C block each other

23
Q

What is an anti Newman projection?

A

When it’s staggered and the largest group are furthest away (and most stable)

24
Q

What is a gauche Newman projection?

A

When its staggered and the largest groups are closest together

25
Q

What is a syn Newman projection?

A

When the largest groups are eclipsed and closest together (is also least stable)

26
Q

What is the typical atom priority order?

A

H-C-N-O-F-Cl-Br-I

27
Q

Z means…?

A

Two highest priority groups on same side

28
Q

E means…?

A

Two higher priority groups are on opposite sides

29
Q

When can enantiomers exist?

A

When you have an sp^3 carbon with 4 different groups attached

30
Q

What is a chiral carbon with a sterogenic centre?

A

A carbon with four different groups attached

31
Q

What happens when an sp3 carbon has two identical groups?

A

It’s achiral (has internal symmetry)

32
Q

What is an R configuration?

A

When the three highest ranked substituents have a descending order of priority in a clockwise direction

(Start with 1)

33
Q

What is an S configuration?

A

When the highest priority substituents descend in an anticlockwise direction

(Start with 1)

34
Q

What is homolytic bond breaking?

A

When one electron from the bond ends up on each of the atoms involved (ie radicals)

35
Q

What is a heterolytic reaction?

A

When both electrons end up on one of the formerly bonded atoms (the arrow signals the movement of the electrons)

36
Q

What is a carbon cation classified into and which is most stable?

A

3 (tertiary), 2 (secondary), 1 (primary)

3 is most stable

37
Q

Why are carboncations more common than carbonanions?

A

Because carbon is not very electronegative

38
Q

Why vie the geometry of a carboncation?

A

Planar (sp2)
Flat
Achiral

39
Q

What donates two electrons in the formation of covalent bonds?

A

The anion

40
Q

What is the electron donor called?

A

A nucleophile

41
Q

Charge of nucleophiles?

A

Either neutral or negatively charged, with a lone pair of electrons it electrons in Pi bonds

42
Q

What is the electron acceptor called?

A

Electrophile

43
Q

Charge of electrophiles?

A

Neutral or positive

44
Q

What sort of reaction occurs when a nucleophiles reacts with an electrophile to form a new covalent bond?

A

A polar reaction

45
Q

Three types of reaction classifications?

A

Substitution
Addition
Elimination

46
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

When one atom or group is replaced by another through the breaking and formation of sigma bonds

47
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

When a Pi bond is broken and replaced by two new Pi bonds (ie; the products are less saturated)

48
Q

What is an elimination reaction?

A

When two sigma bonds are broken to form a new Pi bond (ie; products are more unsaturated)

49
Q

What is a regeant?

A

The “non carbon” bit

chem110 (6 decks)

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