Block 1: Foundations Flashcards
What is the charge of the more electronegative element?
More negative
Why are double bonds more readily polarised?
Due to the relative mobility it pi electrons
What is sp3?
A carbon with 4 atoms attached
Which molecules have a higher boiling point?
Those with an increased molecular size
What do more functional groups/polar bonds do to boiling point?
Correlates with a higher boiling point
What is a primary alcohol?
When the alcohol is attached to a carbon connected to one other carbon
What is a secondary (2•) alcohol?
When the OH is attached to a carbon attached to two other carbons
What is a tertiary (3•) carbon?
When the OH group is attached to a carbon attached to three other carbons
(Also used for alkyl halides)
What is an ortho- aromatic compound?
X2 Cl are in the 1,2 position
What is a meta aromatic compound?
X2 Cl are in the 1,3 position
What is a para aromatic compound?
X2 Cl are in the 1,4 position
What is a constitutional isomer?
Different sequence of bonds
What is a stereoisomer?
Different arrangement of groups in space
What is a conformational isomer?
Differ by rotation around a single bond
What is a configuration so isomer?
Interconversion requires breaking bonds
What are enantiomers?
Non-super imposable mirror images
What are diastomers?
Non mirror images
What is the formula for a molecular formula with no rings and only single bonds?
Cn H2n+2
What is the formula for a molecule that must contain either one double bond or ring?
CnH2n
Formula for double bonds equivalents?
1/2 (2xcarbon + (nitrogen) - hydrogen + 2) = number of double bonds
What is a staggered Newman projection?
Not blocking each other
What is an eclipsed Newman projection?
The C-C block each other
What is an anti Newman projection?
When it’s staggered and the largest group are furthest away (and most stable)
What is a gauche Newman projection?
When its staggered and the largest groups are closest together
What is a syn Newman projection?
When the largest groups are eclipsed and closest together (is also least stable)
What is the typical atom priority order?
H-C-N-O-F-Cl-Br-I
Z means…?
Two highest priority groups on same side
E means…?
Two higher priority groups are on opposite sides
When can enantiomers exist?
When you have an sp^3 carbon with 4 different groups attached
What is a chiral carbon with a sterogenic centre?
A carbon with four different groups attached
What happens when an sp3 carbon has two identical groups?
It’s achiral (has internal symmetry)
What is an R configuration?
When the three highest ranked substituents have a descending order of priority in a clockwise direction
(Start with 1)
What is an S configuration?
When the highest priority substituents descend in an anticlockwise direction
(Start with 1)
What is homolytic bond breaking?
When one electron from the bond ends up on each of the atoms involved (ie radicals)
What is a heterolytic reaction?
When both electrons end up on one of the formerly bonded atoms (the arrow signals the movement of the electrons)
What is a carbon cation classified into and which is most stable?
3 (tertiary), 2 (secondary), 1 (primary)
3 is most stable
Why are carboncations more common than carbonanions?
Because carbon is not very electronegative
Why vie the geometry of a carboncation?
Planar (sp2)
Flat
Achiral
What donates two electrons in the formation of covalent bonds?
The anion
What is the electron donor called?
A nucleophile
Charge of nucleophiles?
Either neutral or negatively charged, with a lone pair of electrons it electrons in Pi bonds
What is the electron acceptor called?
Electrophile
Charge of electrophiles?
Neutral or positive
What sort of reaction occurs when a nucleophiles reacts with an electrophile to form a new covalent bond?
A polar reaction
Three types of reaction classifications?
Substitution
Addition
Elimination
What is a substitution reaction?
When one atom or group is replaced by another through the breaking and formation of sigma bonds
What is an addition reaction?
When a Pi bond is broken and replaced by two new Pi bonds (ie; the products are less saturated)
What is an elimination reaction?
When two sigma bonds are broken to form a new Pi bond (ie; products are more unsaturated)
What is a regeant?
The “non carbon” bit
