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CHEM110 > Block 1- Foundations > Flashcards

Block 1- Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between a good and bad atomic orbital (AO) overlap?

A

A good AO overlap is when the AO are end on forming sigma bond
A bad AO overlap is when the AO are side on forming a pie bond

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2
Q

What is the hybridisation of a C bonded to 4 groups, 3 groups and 2 groups. Include shape

A

4 groups. SP3, tetrahedral,
3 groups, SP2, trigional planar
2 groups, SP, linear

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3
Q

What are constitutional isomers?

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different atom-to-atom connectivity

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4
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Molecules with the same atom-to-atom connectivity but a different arrangement in space

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5
Q

What is the DBE formula?

A

2 + 2C - H-X +N /2

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6
Q

What do DBE calculate?

A

The number of rings and or pi-bonds

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7
Q

What are isomers?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formulae but different arrangements

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8
Q

What is a diastereomer?

A

A configurations isomer that doesn’t have a mirror image relationship and isn’t superimpossible

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9
Q

What is a chiral carbon

A

A SP3 carbon with 4 different groups attached

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10
Q

What is an aciral carbon

A

A SP3 carbon with 2 or more identical groups attached

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11
Q

When are E/Z configurational isomer notations used?

A

When there is a double bond.

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12
Q

What are the aspects of E vs Z configurational isomers?

A

Z= high priority groups on the same side
E= high priority groups on opposite sides of the

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13
Q

What does the presses of a pi-bond mean?

A

There is no free rotation about the bond, this fixes atoms in space

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14
Q

What do the terms cis/trans isomers mean for cyclic compounds

A

The term cis/trans refers to the relative position of substitutes on a ring in relation to the other

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15
Q

What are configurational isomers

A

Molecules with same molecular formula, where interconversion requires bond breaking

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16
Q

What are conformational isomers?

A

Isomers which differ by rotation about a single bond

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17
Q

What are the properties of enantiomers?

A

Non-superimposable mirror images

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18
Q

What methods are used to draw conformers?

A

Sawhorse projection and Newman projection

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19
Q

What are the names of the most and least stable Newman projection

A

Most stable is staggered anti
Least stable is eclipsed syn

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20
Q

What are the names of the most and least stable cyclohexane conformers?

A

Most stable is chair conformer
Least stable is boat conformer

21
Q

What is the hybridisation notation for a C bonded to 4 atoms

A

Sp3 hybridised
Tetrahedral, 109.5°

22
Q

What is the hybridisation notation for a C bonded to 3 atoms/ 1 pi bond

A

Sp2 hybridised
Trigonal planar 120°

23
Q

What is the hybridisation notation for a C bonded to 2 atoms/ 2 pi bonds

A

Sp hybridised
Linear 180°

24
Q

What group is in the equatorial position for cyclohexane conformer to be most stable?

A

The largest group/substituents, it has the largest molar mass

25
Q

When are CIP rules used

A

When assigning priority to groups when considering configuration all isomers

26
Q

How can enantiomers be seen

A

Plane polarised light will rotate enantiomers in opposite directions, equal amounts

27
Q

What is a race mic mixture and how does it react to plane polarised light “

A

A mixture of equal amounts of the 2 enantiomers. It gives an overall rotation of 0 when interacting with plane polarised light

28
Q

What is an electrophile and its charge?

A

A electron acceptor, they are electron deficient, usually neutral or positively charged

29
Q

What is a nucleophile and its charge

A

Electron donor, electron rich, neutral or negative charge. Will have lone pairs to electrons in pi bonds

30
Q

How is a convalescence bond formed?

A

A polar reaction involving a nucleophile and elctrophile

31
Q

What do curly arrows demonstrate

A

Movement of bonding electrons during reactions

32
Q

What is a hetero bond cleavage

A

When both electron from a bond end up on one of the atoms which were formally bonded

33
Q

What is the relative stable order of carbocations?

A

3° > 2° > 1°

34
Q

What is the geometry of a carbon cation?

A

Sp2, planar, flat

35
Q

What happens in an addition reaction?

A

A pi-bond breaks and is replaced by two new single bonds

36
Q

What happens in a substitution reaction?

A

One atom or group is replaced by another through breaking and forming single bonds

37
Q

What happens in an elimination reaction

A

2 single bonds are broken and a new pi-bond is formed. 2 products

38
Q

What is purpose of chromatography?

A

Shows differences in polarity. More polar substances are strongly attracted to the plate and move slow

39
Q

What are intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions?

A

Due to momentary uneven distribution of electron cloud

40
Q

What are dipole-dipole interactions?

A

Due to polar bonds,the greater the polarity of a molecule the fringed the force

41
Q

What is the reagent used in hydrogenation of alkenes/alkynes?

A

H2 / Pt

42
Q

What are the reagents for halogenation of alkenes/alkynes?

A

X2, X= Cl, Br

43
Q

What is the stereochemistry of hydrogenation of alkenes

A

Syn stereochemistry

44
Q

What is the stereochemistry of halogenation of alkenes

A

Anti stereochemistry

45
Q

Why reagent is needed to produce E-alkene ?

A

Li / liquid NH3 and H2O

46
Q

Why reagent is needed to produce Z-alkene ?

A

Lindlar catalyst

47
Q

What happens during electrophilic addition of HX and X2

A

Alkynes turned to alkane with halogen

48
Q

What happens during electrophilic addition of water and what is reagent?

A

Reagent is aq. H2SO4, turns alkyne to Ketone

CHEM110 (1 decks)

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