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CHEM 110 > Block 1 - Foundations > Flashcards

Block 1 - Foundations Flashcards

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1
Q

Anhydride functional group

A

O O
ll ll
C-C-O-C-C

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2
Q

anhydride nomenclature

A

alkanoic anhydride

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3
Q

nitrile functional group

A

-C=_N

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4
Q

nitrile nomenclature

A

alkane nitrile

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5
Q

thiol functional group

A

-C-SH

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6
Q

thiol nomenclature

A

alkane-n-thiol

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7
Q

phenol functional group

A

benzene ring with -OH

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8
Q

phenol nomenclature

A

alkylphenol

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9
Q

nomenclature priority

A

-COOH > ester > amide > nitrile > -CHO > ketone > alcohol > amine > C=C > alkyne > alkane > ether > alkyl halide = alkyl

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10
Q

DBE formula

A

1/2 (2n4 + n3 - n1 + 2)

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11
Q

newman projection terminology

A

staggered vs. eclipsed (anti, gauche and syn)

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12
Q

electrostatic potential map colours

A 
red = electron-rich (high electron density)
blue = electron-poor (low electron density)
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13
Q

types of intermolecular forces

A
  • momentary dipole-dipole attractions (dispersion forces)
  • dipole-dipole interactions
  • hydrogen bonding
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14
Q

chromatography components

A
  • solvent/mobile liquid phase = relatively non-polar

- absorbent/solid stationary phase = polar

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15
Q

chromatography mechanism

A

if solute is:

  • polar = more strongly attracted to polar stationary phase thus moves slowly
  • non-polar = less attracted to polar stationary phase thus moves rapidly
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16
Q

substitution bond changes

A

same type of bonds (sigma) broken and formed

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17
Q

substitution DBE changes

A

DBE remains same

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18
Q

addition bond changes

A

1 pi bond broken and 2 sigma bonds formed

19
Q

addition DBE changes

A

DBE decreases

- product less unsaturated/more saturated

20
Q

elimination bond changes

A

2 sigma bonds broken and 1 pi bond formed

21
Q

elimination DBE changes

A

DBE increases

- product more unsaturated

22
Q

reaction subclassifications

A

1) polar/non-polar
2) nucleophilic/electrophilic reagent
3) nature of substrate (alkyl - chain base, aryl - aromatic ring etc.)

23
Q

conditions of aromatic ring

A
  • planar
  • cyclic
  • all atoms have p orbital
  • ring contains pi electrons
24
Q

non-polar reactions

A
  • reactions of free radicals

- bond breaking/making may take place simultaneously

25
Q

free radicals

A

neutral species with an unpaired electron

26
Q

polar reactions

A
  • one bonding partner supplies electron pair while the other receives it to form a new bond
  • reaction between nucleophile and electrophile to form a new covalent bond
27
Q

nucleophile

A
  • nucleus (+ve charge) lover

- electron rich: either neutral or -vely charged and have either lone e- pair or e- in pi bonds

28
Q

electrophile

A
  • electron lover

- neutral or +vely charged

29
Q

types of bond cleavage

A
  • symmetrically: homolytic bond cleavage

- unsymmetrically: heterolytic bond cleavage

30
Q

homolytic bond cleavage

A
  • 1 e- ends up on each formerly bonded atom

- non-polar reactions

31
Q

heterolytic bond cleavage

A
  • both e-s end up on one of the formerly bonded atoms
  • polar reactions
  • e- s move towards more electronegative atom
  • carbocations more common than carbanion as C is not very electronegative
32
Q

determination of nucleophilic/electrophilic reactions

A

determined by reagent/species doing the replacing

- if unsure, check other reactant as they will be opposites

33
Q

reaction mechanisms

A

detailed pathway by which reactants are converted to products

  • often require multiple steps (elementary reactions) that require multiple steps
  • reactive intermediates are unstable and short-lived (formed in one step then used up in the next)
34
Q

types of nucleophilic substitution

A

Sn1 and Sn2

35
Q

Sn1

A

stepwise so bond breaking THEN bond making

36
Q

Sn2

A

single step so bond breaking/forming simultaneous

37
Q

alkenes and alkynes are

A

nucleophiles (electron rich - e-s in pi bond) thus undergo electrophilic addition

38
Q

bonds in benzene

A

in reality, 6 identical 1.5 bonds but drawn as 1 of 2 resonance forms

39
Q

resonance energy

A

conjugated double bonds give extra stability

40
Q

simple benzene nomenclature

A

___benzene (e.g bromobenzene)

41
Q

complex benzene nomenclature

A

phenyl____

42
Q

benzene common names

A
  • NH2 = aniline
  • CHO = benzaldehyde
  • CO2H = benzoic acid
  • OH = phenol
  • CH3 = toluene
43
Q

disubstituted benzenes

A
  • 1,2-substituted = ortho
  • 1,3-substituted = meta
  • 1,4-substituted = para
44
Q

why are double bonds more polar?

A

relative mobility of pi electrons as they are not held as tight being further from the nuclei

CHEM 110 (4 decks)

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