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IDR > Block 1 Dr. Smith Immunology > Flashcards

Block 1 Dr. Smith Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Immune cell that matches with CD3

A

All T cells

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2
Q

Immune cell that matches with CD 4

A

T helper cells

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3
Q

Immune cell that matches with CD19

A

B cells

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4
Q

Immune cell that matches with CD20

A

B cells

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5
Q

Immune cells that matches with CD34

A

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

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6
Q

Immune cell that matches with CD45

A

All leukocytes

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7
Q

Immune cell that matches with CD56

A

NK cells

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8
Q

Immune cell that matches with CD8

A

Cytotoxic T cells

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9
Q

What is the equivalent of CDR protein marker

A

Hyperviariable region

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10
Q

MHC is the same as :

A

HLA

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11
Q

CD54 is the same as :

A

CD40L

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12
Q

B7.1/B7.2 →

A

CD80/86

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13
Q

CR2 →

A

CD21

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14
Q

Most immune cells descend from what?

A

CD34+ multipotent stem cells in the bone marrow.

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15
Q

In general, IL-3 goes along what lineage?

A

Myeloid

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16
Q

In general, IL-7 goes with what lineage?

A

Lymphoid

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17
Q

Once in the lymphoid pathway, IL-7 alone will result in production of what immune cell ?

A

NK cell progenitor

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18
Q

IL-7 & IL-2 together will result in production of what immune cell?

A

T-cell

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19
Q

IL-15 will turn the progenitor cells into?

A

NK cell

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20
Q

IL-4 results in the production of ?

A

B cells

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21
Q

M-CSF results in differentiation of ?

A

Mononcyte progenitors

Macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells

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22
Q

G-CSF results in differentiation of ?

A

Granulocyte progenitors

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

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23
Q

B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and NK cells come from what lineage?

A

Lymphoid

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24
Q

Myeloid linage gives rise to :

A

Granulocytes, monocytes and some dendritic cells

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25
Q

Innate immune cells include :

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages
Dendritic cells

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26
Q

2 innate immune cells that play a role in adaptative immunity also?

A

APC cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells.

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27
Q

Class I MHC takes stuff from inside cells & interact with ?

A

CD8

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28
Q

Class II MHC takes stuff from outside cells and interacts with ?

A

CD4

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29
Q

What are naive lymphocytes?

A

Adaptative immune cells that have not encountered their antigen yet.

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30
Q

Innate immune cells that are phagocytes:

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages

Major players in early inflammatory response

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31
Q

Main difference between a macrophage and a monocyte?

A

Monocyte circulate in the blood
Macrophage are tissue resident cells

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32
Q

This granulocyte is the first line of defense against invaders:

A

Neutrophils

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33
Q

Main mechanism neutrophils kill?

A

Oxidative burst

Toxic oxygen-derived products

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34
Q

Production of Lactoferrin by neutrophils affect bacteria in what way?

A

Lactoferrin binds iron which is necessary for survival of bacteria.

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35
Q

What are NETs?

A

Neutrophil extracellular traps (neutro barf up the content of the nucleus if the thing is too big to phagocytose them)

E.g. Fungi, biofilms

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36
Q

Tissue resident macrophages come from where ?

A

Fetal yolk sac (early on in life)

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37
Q

Difference between M1 & M2 macrophages

A

M1 secrete cytokines and are main drivers of the inflammatory response
M2 usually show up at the end to ‘‘clean up everything’’

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38
Q

Main mechanism macrophages use as a defense?

A

NO production

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39
Q

What disease results from disfunctional NADPH enzyme of the oxidative burst cascade?

A

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)

Severe opportunistic infections with catalase + bacteria

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40
Q

What test is used to diagnosis disfunctional oxidative burst in neutrophils?

A

NBT test

Usually it should turn blue (oxidative burst reduces the dye to blue)

If it does not turn blue, the test is negative.

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41
Q

Less servere version of CGD where you have NAPDH oxidase but lack another important enzyme to complete oxidative burst?

A

Myeloperoxidase deficiency

NBT test would be positive (normal) in this case

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42
Q

Disease resulting from no LYST protein (no phagolysosome formation) with partial albinism as a feature and giant inclusion bodies seen in WBC in microscopy?

A

Chediak-Higashi syndrome.

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43
Q

Mast cells are part of innate or adaptative immune system?

A

Innate

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44
Q

Cells that have receptors for IgE on them and produce a local inflammatory response when they degranulate their histamine?

A

Mast cells

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45
Q

Short lived cells that contain MBP in their granules and release them via exocytosis to kill parasites ?

A

Eosinophils

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46
Q

Langerhans cells are example of what type of immune cell that is very good at capturing antigens and showing them off to T cells?

A

Dendritic cell

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47
Q

Ringleaders of the transition from the innate to adaptative immune system?

A

Dendritic cells.

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48
Q

Represent 15% of the lymphocyte population

A

B cells

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49
Q

T cells represent what % of lymphocyte population?

A

80%

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50
Q

Are not necessarily MHC restricted
Can be phagocytic
Can present antigen

A

B cells

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51
Q

B cells can become either :

A

Plasma cells
Memory B cells

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52
Q

Can be either killers, regulators or helpers

A

T lymphocytes

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53
Q

Which of the following components of the adaptive immune system causes lysis of virally infected cells and the release of cytokines?

A

CD8+ cytotoxic T cell

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54
Q

Is the complement response innate or adaptative ?

A

Innate

Complement is one of the soluble effector molecules of our innate immunity. One of its main job is to provide a mechanism by which adpatative immune molecules (antibodies) mediate the killing of the pathogen.

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55
Q

Main 3 functions of Complement?

A
  1. Opsonization of microbes
  2. Recruitment of phagocytes to site of infection
  3. Kill microbes

Complement tags the pathogen, so that macrophages and neutrophils can come and do their jobs. Thats how they recruit phagocytes to the site of infection.

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56
Q

Complement proteins are made in:

A

Liver

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57
Q

C1, C2, C3 and C4 are involved in earlier or later responses ?

A

Earlier

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58
Q

C5, C6, C7, C8 & C9 are involved in earlier or later responses ?

A

Later

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59
Q

Which subunit of a complement is involved in anaphylaxis ?

A

a subunit

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60
Q

Which subunit of the complement, when cleaved, is more likely to act as an opsonin ?

A

b subunit

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61
Q

What are the 3 ways you can activate a complement pathway?

A

Classical pathway
MBP pathway
Alternative pathway

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62
Q

Is C5a more or less inflammatory than C3a?

A

Way more

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63
Q

C5b-C9 complex is responsible for making :

A

MAC complex

Membrane attack complex

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64
Q

Which Complement is responsible for activation of opsonization, phagocytosis/clearance and b-lymphocyte activation?

65
Q

What complement pathway requires presence of existing antibodies to be kicked off ?

A

Classical pathway

66
Q

What are the 2 immunoglobulins involved in activation of the classical pathway ?

A

IgM and IgG

** IgM to a much greater extent.

IgA, IgD and IgE do not activate the pathway

67
Q

IgM and IgG interact with which protein to kick off the classical pathway ?

68
Q

Is the classical pathway he fastest way to activate the complement system ?

69
Q

C4bC2b represents ?

A

C3 convertase

70
Q

What is the role of C3 convertase?

A

Cleave C3, forming C3a and C3b.
C3 convertase + C3b together will form C5 convertase.

71
Q

In the case that antibodies are not present, what are other molecules that recognize PAMPs that could help kick off the complement system?

A

Mannose binding lecitin (mannose on surface of microbes)
Ficolin (NAGs)
CRP (complement binding protein)

All of these can act like C1q

72
Q

What regulating molecule prevents accumulation of C1 on cells that without it would result in hereditary angioedema?

A

C1 inhibitor (C1 INH)

Prevents accumulation of enzymatically active C1r2s2

73
Q

Recombinant C1 elastase inhibitor could help treat what condition ?

A

Hereditary angioedema

People who lack C1 inhibitor

74
Q

Which pathway runs continuously and spontaneously at low levels in the blood plasma ?

A

Alternative pathway

Innate immune response that is the most rapid to react i.e. as soon as a pathogen enters the body.

75
Q

C3, factor B and D refer to what pathway of complement activation ?

A

Alternative

C3 in the blood gets hydrolysed, facor B and D bind it, cleaved to form C3b that just floats around and is ready to bind any invader’s cell membrane.

76
Q

C3bBb refers to ?

A

C3 convertase of alternative pathway

It cleaves C3 in the alternative pathway.

77
Q

If someone lacks factor B, what happens?

A

You are not making C3 convertase in the alternative pathway.

No inflammatory reponse is induced by this pathway.

78
Q

Factor I & H are ?

A

Regulators of C3 convertase in the alternative pathway.

79
Q

MCP aka CD46, CR1 and DAF refer to ?

A

regulatory proteins expressed in mammalian cells that breakdowm complement products on the cell membrane.

They act as cofactors for factor I & H.

DAF works in all complement pathways !

80
Q

Deficiency in DAF leads to what condition ?

DAF (Decay Accelerating Factor)

A

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

They regulate the complement system. Without it, too much complement activation can occur. RBC are very susceptible to this and lyse easily.

81
Q

C3b is super important for :

A

Opsonization

82
Q

How does the MAC complex help with destruction of invaders ?

A

Pokes wholes in the phospholipid membrane.

MAC requires the presence of an accessible phospholipid membrane.

83
Q

What organisms would be resistant to the MAC attack ?

A

Bacteria with polysaccharide capsules
Gram + bacteria
Acid-fast bacteria
Non-enveloped viruses

84
Q

All mammalian cells express CD59 (protectin). What is it’s role?

A

Prevents C9 from forming a complex i.e prevents formation of MAC complex on our cell membranes.

85
Q

People who lack CD59 would have what condition?

A

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

86
Q

What organisms are susceptible to MAC ?

A

Enveloped viruses
Gram negative bacteria

Both have accessible phospholipid membranes.

87
Q

Binds to Complex 1 and removes it from C1q?

Deficit would lead to hereditary angioedema

A

C1 inhibitor

88
Q

Control protein of the alternative pathway that binds C3b displacing Bb :

89
Q

Factor that is involved in the 3 complement pathways that cleaves C3b and C4b

Serine protease

90
Q

Only control protein after the C5 step that prevents the formation of MAC and that would result in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria if dysfunctional :

A

CD59 (protectin)

91
Q

Macrophages and neutrophils have this receptor to recognize opsonized cells and binding stimulates phagocytosis ?

92
Q

B cells have what complement receptor which helps activating them ?

A

CR2 (CD21)

93
Q

What are DAMPs (alarmins)

A

Damage associated molecular patterns (molecules within us that can generate an innate immune response and thus inflammation).

E.g. stress induced proteins, crystals, nuclear proteins…

94
Q

NLR (Nod like receptors) aka NODs are a type of pattern recognition receptor that recognize what?

A

Bacterial peptidoglycans when the bacteria have made their way into the cell.

95
Q

RLR or Rig like receptors recognize ?

A

Double stranded RNA and DNA-RNA combos in the cytoplasm.

96
Q

Cytosolic DNA sensor (CDS), a pattern recognition receptor, binds what?

A

Microbial double stranded DNA that floats around in the cytosol.

97
Q

Dimers
TLR1:TLR2
&
TLR2:TLR6
recognize ?

A

Bacterial lipopeptides

98
Q

TLR2 recognizes ?

A

Bacterial peptidoglycans

99
Q

TLR3 recognizes?

A

Endosomal double stranded viral RNA

100
Q

TLR7 and TLR8 recognize ?

A

Endosomal single stranded viral RNA

101
Q

TLR9 recognizes ?

A

Endosomal unmethylated CpGs

102
Q

Following binding of the TLR, activation of the transcription factor NFkB leads to what ?

A

Production of inflammatory cytokines
Acute inflammation
Stimulation of adaptative immune response

103
Q

IRF (interferon response factor) leads to production of proinflammatory cytokines in what type of immune response ?

A

Anti-viral response

104
Q

IFN a & IFN b are type 1 interferons involved in what immune response ?

105
Q

Direct roles of type 1 interferons

A

Inhibits viral protein synthesis
Degradation of viral RNA
Inhibits viral gene expression and viron assembly
It also stimulates non infected cells to raise defenses

106
Q

Induces resistance to viral replication in all cells
Increases MHC class I gene expression and antigen presenting in all cells
Activate dendritic cells and macrophages
Activate NK cells to kill virus-infected cells

A

IFN-a & IFN-b

107
Q

Cytosolic receptors associated with gut immunity?

A

NODs

Polymorphism associated with IBD

108
Q

NOD2 recognizes what specific PAMP?

109
Q

Cytokine signaling uses what pathway to modulate expression of specific cytokine responsive genes in the nucleus?

110
Q

What molecule is reponsible for directing the immune cells to the site of infection?

Activation of endothelial cells

A

Chemokines

Signaling through chemokine receptor induces expression of high affinity integrin.
P & E selectins expressed by endothelial cells bind a CHO side chain on PMN. Integrin (LFA-1) on the PMN and adhesion molecule such as ICAM-1 on the endothelial cell binding creates a conformational change in LFA-1 which is induced by IL-1 secreted by cells in the inflamed tissue. CD 31 at endothelial cell junctions mediates the diapedesis of the PMN.

111
Q

As an immediate response to injury, epithelial cells make :

A

Defensins (disrupt microbial cell membranes)
Cathelicidins (bind LPS)

112
Q

What cells can be found in the dermis that provide a second line of defense ?

A

Mast cells and Macrophages

113
Q

5 cardinal signs of inflamnmation ?

A

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function

114
Q

What cells are first activated in response to trauma/injury/necrosis/infx or immune rx ?

A

Mast cells

115
Q

What is the content of mast cell degranulation?

A

Pro-inflammatory cytokines
(Histamine, Heparin, Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, PAF) basically vasoactive compounds causing vasodilation up to a point where the vessels become leaky (transudate release).

Histamine is involved with pain
Prostaglandins mainly with edema

PAF = platelet activating factor

116
Q

Specific chemokine released by platelets that creates a chemotactic gradient for neutrophils extravasation.

A

CXCL8 (IL-8)

117
Q

What is leukocyte Adhesion deficiency?

A

Group of disorders in which the leukocyte interaction with vascular endothelium is disrupted.
- Recurrent soft tissue bacterial infections
- Increased WBC counts
- No pus formation or effective wound healing
- Delayed umbilical cord detachement

118
Q

3 pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by macrophages

A

IL-1, IL-6 & TNF a

All 3 drive fever.

Also stimulate production of complement, activate adaptative immune response

119
Q

Pro-inflammatory cytokine released by macrophage that induces acute phase protein production by hepatocytes (CRP):

120
Q

Platelets can secrete CXCL8 to recruit neutrophils & basophils to the site of infection. What other immune cell secretes this chemokine ?

A

Macrophages

121
Q

IL-12 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by macrophages. What immune cell does it activate ?

A

NK cells
& Th1 cells

122
Q

Binds phosphocholine on bacterial surfaces, acting as an opsonin and as a complement activator and which excess production may result in shock :

A

CRP

Mannose-binding lecitin binds to CHO on bacterial surfaces and also act as an opsonin and as a complement activator.

123
Q

Are especially important in healing and interacting with adaptative immune cells in late stages of acute inflammation :

A

M2 macrophages

124
Q

M2 macrophages release what regulatory cytokines?

A

IL-10 & TGFb

Switch to wound repair and collagen synthesis & fibrosis

125
Q

It is the primary scavanger and repair cell in chronic inflammation.

A

Tissue macrophage

They clear tissue of the products of inflammation by action of phagocytosis coupled with lysosomal enzymes and set the stage for tissue repair.

126
Q

Chronic, long term inflammation is controlled by what immune cell?

A

Macrophage

127
Q

If not cleared, sites of chronic inflammation may turn into :

128
Q

Tissue macrophages secrete IL-12 in response to bacteria which drives the production of which molecule important for effective killing of intracellular organism?

A

Th1 cells
(produce IFN gamma)

Th1 cell provide help to macrophages (thus this IL-12/IFNy pathway is a self-enhancing pathway).

129
Q

Prolonged untreated inflammation would result in î of what type of immature cells ?

A

Band cells

Local acute inflammatory response -> secretion of IL-6 and TNF-a which signals the bone marrow to î M-CSF & C-GSF lineages to a higher rate for leukocytosis but after a while, production cant provide enough, so immature cells start being released in the blood.

130
Q

IL-1 cytokine produced by macrophages in case of acute inflammatory response leads to activation of what specific cell?

A

Activate all T cells

131
Q

Requirements to be an antigen ? i.e. to be able to evoke an immune response :

A

Foreignness
Molecule weight (> 1000 Da)
Degradability
Chemical complexity

132
Q

Main difference between TCR and BCR :

A

TCR are MCH restricted (they require antigen presenting cells)
BCR are not MHC restricted (part of this receptor is an antibody which is located on the cell surface). B cell can recognize antigen in the wild.

133
Q

Minimal size for immunogeneicty :

A

> 30 kD

approx size of an allergen

Polysaccharides are > 100 kD so highly immunogenic and for proteins at least 30 kD is sufficient because we make better response against proteins than CHO. Under 30 kD, there could be possible immunogenicity, but the immonogens would need to be coupled with a bigger carrier.

134
Q

What kind of response does polysaccharide immunogens produce ?

A

T-independent IgM response

MHC independent

135
Q

What kind of response does nucleic acids & phospholipids immunogens produce ?

A

low affinity T-independent IgM response

MHC independent

136
Q

Haptens produce what kind of immunologic response ?

A

Insufficient size to be immunogenic. They need a carrier.

Haptens are basically epitopes

E.g. of haptens include hormones, lipids, simples sugars, chemicals such as most drugs (penicillin*).

137
Q

Foreign proteins and glycoproteins (free or part of microbial or eukaryotic cell membranes) induce what kind of immunologic response ?

A

T-dependent humoral immunity antibody : IgG, IgA, IgE.

MHC dependent
GOOD CLASS-SWITCH response

138
Q

What are adjuvants ?

A

They enhance immune response by increasing the half life of the immunogen, by incresing local inflammation and improving processing and presenting by MHC. Basically, they act as a big ‘‘pro-imflammatory envelop’’ so that the immune system has a better chance of paying attention to the immunogen. The adjuvant itself is NOT an immunogen.

139
Q

What is the purpose of carrier proteins?

A

They can be use as a conjugation molecule (to hapten for instance) in order for the potentially but too small immunogen to generate a response. This can also help prolonged the half life and create better IgG response for better memmory.

140
Q

What is an epitope?

A

Specific region of the antigen that is recognized by the antibody or displaced on the surface of the MHC

141
Q

B cells bind what king of antigen ?

142
Q

Can T cell bind soluble antigens ?

143
Q

Which adaptative immune cell can bin protein antigen as well as polysaccharides antigens ?

144
Q

Can only bind protein antigen and glycolipid antigens ?

145
Q

What epitode propreties are requires for B cells to bind the antigen ?

A

Accessible
Hydrophilic
Mobile peptides (either linear or conformational)

146
Q

What epitope propreties are required for T cells to bind the antigen ?

A

Short internal linear peptide

147
Q

Which anatomical part of the antibody can bind the antigen ?

A

Fab portion

148
Q

Which part of the antibody can be crystallized and refers to the bottom part of the antibody ?

A

Fc portion

149
Q

Kappa chains and Lambda chains refer to :

A

Light chains in antibodies that are randomly attributed (60% kappa; 40% lamba)

150
Q

What part of the antibody determines the class?

A

Heavy chains

5 classes of heavy chains : IgG (y) IgA (a) IgM (u), IgE (epsilon), IgD (delta)

151
Q

Variable domains binds the :
Constant domain important for:

A

Antigen
Mediating secondary biological functions

152
Q

What makes the antigen specific to a specific antibody ?

A

Hypervariable region (sequence variability is concentrated in 3 segments of both L and H chains variable regions).

6 unique hypervariable regions
12 in total (2 arms)

153
Q

Why can only IgM and IgG activate the complement ?

A

C1q can only interact with CH2 domain in the hinge region of the heavy chains (Fc region) of the antibody and only IgG and IgM have that specific CH2 domain.

154
Q

What is the hinge region?

A

Short span of AA between 1st and 2nd constant domains of the antibody rich in cystine and prolines. Provides felxibility of the molecule which makes it better at binding antigens.

Basically it links the Fab and Fc portion and allows binds of Ab to antigen in multiple directions.

155
Q

The portion of the An that allows for interactio of the immune complexes with other cells ?

A

Fc portion

The Fc portion allows the innate and adaptative immune systems to interact with each other. Most cells (neutro, mast cells, macrophages, dendritic, etc) have Fc receptors on their cell membranes. This is another way you can get opsonization as these cells can recognize the bound Ab-antigen complex via this Fc receptor and internalize it and then present to the T cells. FcR can be activation or inhibitory (less common).

156
Q

BCR is an example of what type of immunoglobulin expression ?

A

Transmembrane Ig

157
Q

Secretory immunoglobulin:

A

IgA

Breast milk
Gut immunity

158
Q

Fc receptors are an exemple of what type of immunoglobulin expression?

A

Cell-bound (non transmembrane) Ig

E.g. Mast cells (IgE receptors)

Not the Ab itself that is signaling, but the Fc receptor bound to the Ab that creates a response.

159
Q

Provide a natural autoimmune mechanism for regulating Ab levels

A

Ig Idiotypes

Idiotypes refers to the entire variable region or entire biding site

IDR (5 decks)

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