BLOCK 1 BIO2 Flashcards
What are genotype and phenotype of an organism?
Geno are gens(DNA) - Information form of digtial code
Pheno are characteristics e.g shape, size, weight information form of analog
What is the principal direction of information flow in the central dogma of
molecular biology?
DNA -> RNA - > Protien
Processes:
Replication DNA to DNA
Transcription DNA to RNA
Translation RNA to Protien
Protein are required for all processes
What is the role/significance of the DNA double strand structure?
Storage of Genetic Information
-Replication
-Repair and Maintenance
-Form complemetary RNA strand from template strand
What are the requirements and sequential steps of DNA replication?
Required: DNA tempalte, 4 building blocks (dATP,dGTP, dCTP, dTTP) DNA polymerase (enzyme) a primase to generatre RNA primer
Sequence steps:
Initlation (unzip)
Elongation (leading stand and laggind strand)
Termination (repacking)
What is the principle of the PCR reaction?
PCR is a method used to amplify specific DNA sequences to rapidly producing millions to billions of copies of a specific segment of DNA.
It involves repeated cycles of heating (denaturation 96 celsius), cooling (annealing 55 celsius), and DNA synthesis by a DNA polymerase enzyme (Extenstion 72 celsius)
What is PCR used for?
DNA sequencing, genetic testing, forensic analysis, and medical diagnostics
What are the overall ideas behind DNA sequencing by synthesis and nanopore
DNA sequencing?
DNA sequencing: DNA sequencing by synthesis, individual DNA bases are sequentially added to a growing DNA strand by a DNA polymerase enzyme.
Each added base is labeled with a fluorescent dye and detected as it incorporates into the DNA strand, allowing for the determination of the DNA sequence.
Nanopore DNA sequencing: Single-stranded DNA molecules through nanoscale pores embedded in a membrane. As DNA passes through the nanopore, changes in electrical current are measured, which can be used to infer the sequence of DNA bases.
Does the entire genome of an organism consist only of genes, i.e. encodes
proteins?
No genome also have non-codning DNA sequnces
What are the requirements and sequential steps of DNA transcription into RNA?
Required: DNA template, 4-ribonuceleotide triphosphates (ATP,GTP, CTP, UTP)
RNA plymerase (enzymer)
Steps:
Initiation, elongation, and termination.
During initiation, RNA polymerase binds to the DNA promoter region.
In elongation, RNA polymerase synthesizes an RNA strand complementary to the DNA template.
Termination occurs when RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal on the DNA template.
What is the chemical difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA: Dobule straned with sugar, phosphate dexyribose
RNA:Usually single stranded with sugar phosphate
DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, while RNA contains ribose sugar
RNA uses uracil (U) as a base instead of thymine (T), which is found in DNA.
What are the different roles of DNA and RNA in an organism?
DNA serves as the genetic blueprint for the synthesis of proteins and the inheritance of genetic traits. Long term storage and stable
While RNA is short term sotrage and unstable
What different types of RNA are there?
mRNA (messenger RNA) - carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis
tRNA (transfer RNA) - which carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation
rRNA (ribosomal RNA) - which forms the structural and catalytic components of ribosomes
What happens in translation?
Translation is the process of protein synthesis, where the genetic information encoded in mRNA is decoded to produce a specific sequence of amino acids, forming a protein.
What is the ribosome?
Ribosome is a complex molecular machine found in cells that is responsible for protein synthesis.
During translation, ribosomes facilitate the binding of mRNA and transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, enabling the accurate decoding of genetic information and the synthesis of polypeptide chains according to the sequence of codons on the mRNA.
How many different amino acids are used to make proteins?
How are they encoded by nucleotides in RNA?
There are 20 different amino acids used to make proteins in living organisms.
Triplet code known as codons.
Codon consists of three nucleotides (a triplet) and corresponds to a specific amino acid or a stop signal.
64 possible codons, of which 61 code for amino acids, 3 serve as stop codons, signaling the termination of protein synthesis.
