block 1 anatomy

Question 1

what is epithelial tissue

Answer 1

• lines inner and outer surface of organs (and body cavities)
  -organised sheets of cells bound together
• attached onto basement membrane

Question 2

3 types of epithelial tissue

Answer 2

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

Question 3

Squamous cells

Answer 3

flat shaped with flat nuclei

Question 4

Cuboidal cells

Answer 4

polygonal cells with round nucleus
(height and width are equal)

Question 5

Columnar cells

Answer 5

contain vertically elongated nucleus towards base
(height is greater than width)

Question 6

simple tissue

Answer 6

all cells are arranged in one single layer

Question 7

stratified epithelium

Answer 7

has many layers of epithelium cells
(basal is usually cuboidal, middle layers are polygonal and top layer varies)

Question 8

transitional epithelium

Answer 8

top layer is dome shaped
mainly found in urinary tract
dome shaped cells can stretch out into flat cells
relaxed state: 6-8 layers
stretched state: appears to have 2-3 layers

Question 9

pseudo stratified epithelium

Answer 9

cells are in single layer (simple epithelium)
but- height of cells varies which gives the impression that they are arranged at different levels

Question 10

function of simple cuboidal epithelium

Answer 10

secretion, absorption, excretion (lining of glands etc.)

Question 11

function of simple columnar epithelium

Answer 11

secretion and absorption (lining of stomach and intestines)

Question 12

Function of Stratified epithelium

Answer 12

acts as a barrier against infection (as it has many layers)

Question 13

Function of pseudo stratified epithelium

Answer 13

found in lining of respiratory tract and lining of male reproductive tracts

Question 14

apical surface of epithelium

Answer 14

surface which faces the lumen (at the top)

Question 15

basal surface

Answer 15

bottom layer of cels (closest to basement membrane)

Question 16

lateral surface of epithelium

Answer 16

surface that faces away from the midline

Question 17

glandular epithelium

Answer 17

grows inwards to form glands

Question 18

what is a desmosome

Answer 18

cell junction which holds adjacent cells tightly and holds cells to the basement membrane

Question 19

connective tissue

Answer 19

present between cells, tissues and organs, binding the cells, tissues or organs together and provides structural support

Question 20

what are fixed cells

Answer 20

originate and remain in connective tissue

Question 21

wandering cells

Answer 21

eg, macrophages (originate from bone marrow and migrate to connective tissue)

Question 22

two main components of cells

Answer 22

cells (fixed + wandering)
extracellular matrix

Question 23

what is extracellular matrix made up of

Answer 23

ground substance and fibres

Question 24

loose connective tissue

Answer 24

components are loosely packed- there is more ground substance than other components

Question 25

dense connective tissue

Answer 25

proportion of fibres is more than ground substance and cells

Question 26

irregular dense connective tissue (and where is it seen)

Answer 26

has fibres arranged irregularly
seen in dermis of skin

Question 27

regular dense connective tissue (and where it is seen)

Answer 27

fibres are arranged regularly
seen in tendons and ligaments

Question 28

cartilage

Answer 28

specialised connective tissue where the specialised cells found are called chondrocytes

Question 29

three types of cartilage

Answer 29

hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage

Question 30

hyaline cartilage

Answer 30

chrondrocytes arranged in groups called cell nests
extracellular matrix appears uniform

seen where a cushioning effect is needed (between bones)

Question 31

what is fibrocartilage and where is it found

Answer 31

bundles of collagen fibres separated by horizontal rows of chondrocytes

found in areas of higher compressive and tensile forces

Question 32

what is elastic cartilage and where is it found

Answer 32

chondrocytes which are separated by bundles of elastic fibres
(eg, found in external ear and larynx)

Question 33

Trabecular bone

Answer 33

spongy bone

Question 34

femoral triangle

Answer 34

nerve artery vein lymphatic capillary

Question 35

what are specialised bone cells called?

Answer 35

osteocytes

Question 36

how is bone arranged

Answer 36

collagen fibres are regularly arranged

extracellular matrix is mineralised to form bony matrix (layers of osteoblasts)

vascular channels run through substance of bone (blood vessels to bone)

Question 37

synovial joint

Answer 37

joint between bones that move against each other

(in synovial joints, ends of bones are encased in smooth cartilage)