Block 1

Question 1

Meaning of “pathos”

Answer 1

Suffering

Question 2

Definition of pathology

Answer 2

Scientific investigation of diseases;

Esp: changes that occur in a particular disease in various levels

Question 3

Clinical implications for pathology

Answer 3

Patient’s risk assessment and prognosis

Question 4

Etiology is grouped into

Answer 4

Genetic (mutations, variants, polymorphisms) and Acquired (infectious, nutritional, chemical, physical)

Question 5

The HOW and the WHY

Answer 5

How = pathogenesis
Why = etiology

Question 6

Approaches in anatomic pathology

Answer 6

Macroscopic examination and dissection AND microscopic examination

Question 7

Four aspects of a disease process

Answer 7

Etiology
Pathogenesis
Morphologic changes
Clinical manifestations

Question 8

Signs vs symptoms

Answer 8

Signs = what you can see; objective
Symptoms = what the pt feel; subjective

Question 9

Hypertrophy

Answer 9

Increase in cellular proteins –> increase CELL SIZE –> increase organ size and weight

Question 10

Hyperplasia

Answer 10

Increase in CELL NUMBER –> increased mass of organ/tissue

Question 11

Mechanism of hypertrophy

Answer 11

Increase work load,
Agonists,
Growth factors

Question 12

Mechanism of hyperplasia

Answer 12

Growth factor-driven proliferation of mature cells and increased output of new cells from tissue stem cells

Question 13

Nodular prostatic hyperplasia is [pre-malignant or not]

Answer 13

NOT pre-malignant

Question 14

Nodular hyperplasia of the thyroid is [pre-malignant or not]

Answer 14

NOT pre-malignant

Question 15

Endometrial hyperplasia is [pre-malignant or not]

Answer 15

Pre-malignant – increased risk of endometrial carcinoma

Question 16

Dysplasia

Answer 16

Disordered growth;
Increased number (hyperplasia) of dysplastic (deeply stained, amorphous) cells

Question 17

Atrophy

Answer 17

Reduced cell size and number

Question 18

Mechanism of atrophy

Answer 18

Reduced synthesis from decreased metabolic substrates,

Increased degradation due to nutrient deficiency and disuse and ibiquitination

Question 19

Metaplasia

Answer 19

Reversible change in which one differentiated cell type is replaced by another cell type

Question 20

Mechanism of metaplasia

Answer 20

Reprogramming of stem cells or of undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells

Question 21

CELLULAR RESPONSE for: altered physiologic stimuli; some non-lethal injurious stimuli

Answer 21

Cellular adaptations (hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia)

Question 22

CELLULAR RESPONSE for: metabolic alterations, genetic or acquired; chronic injury

Answer 22

Intracellular accumulations; Calcifications

Question 23

CELLULAR RESPONSE for: cumulative sublethal injury over long life span

Answer 23

Cellular aging

Question 24

Gravid uterus in pregnant patients is [physiologic or pathologic]

Answer 24

Physiologic hypertrophy

Question 25

Cardiac hypertrophy in hypertension is [physiologic or pathologic]

Answer 25

Pathologic hypertrophy

Question 26

Examples of physiologic atrophy

Answer 26

Thyroglossal duct Notocord Post-partum uterus

Question 27

Examples of metaplasia

Answer 27

Squamous metaplasia in respiratory epithet due to chronic smoking; Intestinal metaplasia in the GE junction due to acid reflux resulting to dysfunctional LES leading to Barrett esophagus; Myositis ossificans with calcification of skeletal muscle tissue

Question 28

Concerns pertaining to intracellular accumulations

Answer 28

``` TEDS: Toxicity Effect on cell function Duration Significance ```

Question 29

Mechanisms of accumulation

Answer 29

Abnormal metabolic; Defect in protein folding and transport; Lack of enzyme; Ingestion of indigestible materials

Question 30

Organs affected by accumulation of triglycerides

Answer 30

Liver, heart, muscle, kidney

Question 31

Striped/tigered myocardium

Answer 31

Due to accumulation of fat during chronic severe anemia