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MS1 > Block 1 > Flashcards

Block 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Basic mechanisms of disease

A 
I SHINED:
Inflammation and infectious disease
Stress (acute or chronic injury)
Hemodynamic disorders
Immunopathology (immunodeficiency, autoimmunity)
Neoplasia
Environmental and nutritional disorders
Developmental and degenerative diseases
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2
Q

Some causes of cell injury

A 
Functional demand
Trophic signals (hormones)
Oxygen supply
Nutrient supply
Viruses, bacteria
Chemicals, toxins
Excessive heat or cold
Ionizing radiation
Errors of metabolism
Nutritional disorders
Gene mutations
Abnormal proteins/lipids
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3
Q

Cellular responses to injury

A

Full recovery, chronic adaptation, or cell death

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4
Q

Defense mechanisms to cellular injury

A

DNA repair enzymes
Ubiquitin/proteasomes
Antioxidants
Altered gene expression

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5
Q

Cell death pathways

A

Autophagy
Apoptosis
Necrosis

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6
Q

Autophagy

A

Organelle depletion

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7
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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8
Q

Necrosis

A

Irreversible cell injury

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9
Q

Cause of reversible cell injury

A

Decrease in intracellular ATP and/or impairment of membrane Na/K ATPase

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10
Q

Hydropic swelling

A

Increase in intracellular water

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11
Q

Causes of hydropic swelling

A

lack of ATP, pump failure, membrane damage

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12
Q

Examples of reversible cell injury

A

Hydropic swelling, mitochondrial swelling, ER distention

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13
Q

Types of necrosis

A 
Liquefactive
Fat
Fibrinoid
Caseous
Coagulative
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14
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

Transformation of the tissue into a liquid, viscous mass. Occurs in the brain after coagulative necrosis

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15
Q

Fat necrosis

A

Digestive enzymes (lipase) release fatty acids from triglycerides which complex with calcium to form soaps

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16
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis

A

Accumulation of amorphous, basic, proteinaceous material in the tissue matrix w/ a staining pattern reminiscent of fibrin

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17
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

Tissue appears soft and as a white proteinaceous dead cell mass

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18
Q

Pyknosis

A

Irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus

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19
Q

Karyorrhexis

A

Fragmentation of the nucleus

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20
Q

Karyolysis

A

Dissolution of the nucleus

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21
Q

Ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation pathway

A

Removes misfolded, defective, redundant, and aged proteins. Mediates intracellular signal transduction and regulates DNA synthesis, repair, transcription, translation, atrophy, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia. Works by tagging a misfolded protein with ubiquitin, after which it is transferred to the proteasome which breaks it down

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22
Q

Cell adaptations to chronic stress

A 
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Intracellular storage
23
Q

Atrophy (definition and examples)

A

Decrease in cell size/function. Examples include:

  • Reduced functional demand
  • Inadequate supply of oxygen. Can be caused by ischemia (lack of blood supply to tissues)
  • Insufficient nutrients secondary to starvation/inadequate nutrition
  • Interruption of trophic signals. For example, decreased estrogen during menopause or denervation of muscle secondary to neurologic disease
  • Persistent cell injury (chronic inflammation, persistent toxin exposure, physical injury/pressure)
  • Aging
24
Q

Hypertrophy (definition, cause, examples)

A

Increase in cell size/function. Results from transcriptional regulation by growth factors to alter cell size and function without stimulating DNA replication. Controlled by normally expressed or induced cellular oncogenes. Examples include:

  • physiologic/hormonal (goiter in response to increased TSH)
  • increased functional demand (exercise, HTN)
25
Q

Hyperplasia (definition, causes/examples)

A

Increase in cell number. Causes/examples:

  • hormonal stimulation
  • increased functional demand (ex: increased RBCs at high altitudes)
  • persistent cell injury (usually in skin and viscera; ex: calluses)
26
Q

Metaplasia (definition, mechanism, examples)

A

Transdifferentiation from one cell type to another. Reversible if stimulus is removed. Involves changes in gene expression on a transcriptional level, not on an amino acid level. Most common example is replacement of glandular epithelium by a squamous one (ex: bronchi of smokers)

27
Q

Dysplasia (definition, mechanism)

A

Alterations in the uniformity of histogenesis (cell size/type/organization). Reflects persistent injury. Occurs most commonly in hyperplastic or metaplastic squamous epithelium. Pre-neoplastic. Develops as a result of gene mutations.

28
Q

Intracellular storage disorders (definition)

A

Exaggeration of normal function; inborn errors of metabolism lead to accumulation of intermediate metabolites or an abnormal material

29
Q

How proteins become abnormal

A

Gene mutations, errors in protein folding or glycosylation, modification by chemicals and reactive oxygen species (oxidative stress)

30
Q

Mechanisms to eliminate abnormal proteins and maintain homeostasis

A

Degraded via the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway

Degraded in lysosomes by autophagy

31
Q

Protein inclusion

A

Accumulation of abnormal proteins in a cell

32
Q

Protein deposit (amyloid)

A

Dense, amorphous extracellular deposit of abnormal proteins

33
Q

Abnormal alpha-1-antitrypsin is associated with what disease(s)?

A

Hepatic cirrhosis, emphysema

34
Q

Prion proteins are associated with what disease(s)?

A

Prion disease (spongiform encephalopathy)

35
Q

What protein makes up lewy bodies? What disease is associated with storage of lewy bodies?

A

Made up of alpha synuclein. Implicated in Parkinson’s

36
Q

What protein is abnormal in neurofibrillary tangles? What disease(s) is this associated with?

A

Protein is tau protein. Associated with Alzheimer-type dementia

37
Q

What are some examples of non-protein storage disorders and what macromolecule do they store?

A 
Atherosclerosis (lipids)
Hemochromatosis (iron)
Alcohol fatty liver (triglycerides)
Tay-Sach's (carbohydrates)
UV light disorders (melanin)
Anthracosis (pigments)
Asbestosis (fibers)
38
Q

Lysosomal storage diseases (definition, example)

A

Accumulation of unmetabolized normal substrate in lysosomes, owing to deficiencies of specific acid hydrolases, leading to expansion of lysosomal compartment and cell engorgement. Implicated in Gaucher disease.

39
Q

What are the four basic tissue types?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

40
Q

Describe the main functions of epithelial cells

A

Lining of surface or body cavities

Glandular secretion

41
Q

Describe the main functions of connective tissues

A

Support and protection of tissues and organs

42
Q

Describe the main functions of muscle tissue

A

Strong contraction

Body movements

43
Q

Describe the main functions of nervous tissue

A

Transmission of nerve impulses

44
Q

Define parenchyma

A

Active portion of tissue responsible for main organ functions; usually epithelial

45
Q

Define stroma

A

Supportive portion of the organ, made of connective tissue

46
Q

List the main procedures involved in tissue preparation for microscopic observation

A 
Fixation
Embedding
Sectioning
Staining
Mounting
47
Q

List the main cell shape types

A

Squamous (flat)
Cuboidal (square)
Columnar (tall rectangles)
Transitional (dome-like apical layer, found only in urinary system, can be multinucleated)

48
Q

Describe the different types of epithelial cell organization

A

Simple: single layer, nuclei are neatly organized
Stratified: more than one cell layer, nuclei are neatly organized, named for apical-most cell shape
Pseudostratified: single layer, all cells are in contact with the basal lamina but may not be the same height. Nuclei look disorganized

49
Q

Keratin

A

Protein that protects epithelial cells from damage or stress. Insoluble in water and organic solvents. Located on the apical surface of the epithelium

50
Q

List the three main functions of the epithelium

A

Protection, absorption, secretion

51
Q

What are the subtypes of connective tissue?

A 
Loose
Dense regular
Dense irregular
Cartilage
Bone
Adipose tissue
Hematopoietic tissue
52
Q

Define actin

A

A family of globular multi-functional proteins that form microfilaments and thin filaments

53
Q

Microfilaments

A

One of the three major components of the cytoskeleton

54
Q

Thin filaments

A

Part of the contractile apparatus in muscle cells

MS1 (2 decks)

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