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Block 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Myencephalon

A

derived from the rhombencephalon (hindbrain), gives rise to the medulla and lower part of the 4th ventricle

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1
Q

What muscle group actions is the median nerve responsible for?

A

Wrist flexion and abduction, forearm pronation, thumb flexion and opposition, and flexion of digits 2-5.

(C6, C7, C8, T1)

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2
Q

Parietal

A

touch, stereognosis

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2
Q
A

myelin stain of lumbar spinal cord; GM=WM approximately; note ventral enlargement

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2
Q
A

Thoracic spinal cord (myelin-stained); WM>GM

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2
Q
A

Lower cervical spinal cord (myelin-stain); WM>GM; note ventral enlargement

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2
Q
A

Caudal Midbrain

  • Red: inferior colliculus
  • Blue: superior cerebellar peduncle, decussation
  • Purple: central grey (periaqueductal grey)
  • Yellow: cerebral aqueduct
  • Green: nucleus raphe (produces 5HT)
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2
Q

What muscle group actions is the musculocutaneous nerve responsible for?

A

Flexion of arm at the elbow, supination of forearm

(C5, C6, C7)

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2
Q

***Describe the landmark dermatome of L1

A

along junction of trunk and thigh, including the groin

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2
Q

Describe the dermatome of L2-L3

A

inner thigh and calf

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2
Q

Name the terminal branches of the lumbosacral plexus

A

Femoral (L2, L3, L4)

Obturator (L2, L3, L4)

Sciatic (L4, L5, S1, S2, S3)

Tibial (L4, L5, S1, S2)

Superficial fibular (peroneal) (L5, S1)

Deep fibular (peroneal) (L4, L5)

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3
Q

**Describe the landmark dermatome for C6

A

acromion and along the superior surface of arm, forearm, and hand, including thumb

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4
Q
A

Rostral Medulla

  • Green: 4th ventrical
  • Red: vestibular nucleus (special somatic aff., balance)
  • Purple: vagus nerve
  • Blue: solitary nucleus (visc. aff. general and taste)
  • Yellow: sulcus limitans
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5
Q

Motor system

A

governs voluntary control of movement (corticospinal tract); comprised of upper vs. lower motor neurons, the upper motor neuron crosses the midline at level of medulla (pyramidal decussation)

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6
Q

Which cranial nerves exit the midbrain?

A

Oculomotor (CN III) exits the ventral midbrain just medial to crus cerebri

Trochlear nerve (CN IV) exits the dorsal midbrain just below the inferior colliculi

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6
Q
A

Rostral Medulla

  • Purple: cochlear nucleus (special somatic afferent, hearing)
  • Red: glossopharyngeal nerve
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7
Q
A

Rostral Pons

  • Red circle: Principle motor nucleus, Trigem. sensory nucleus and trigem. nerve
  • Pink: reticular formation
  • Blue: medial lemniscus
  • Green: corticospinal fibers (voluntary motor control)
  • Purple: pontocerebellar fibers
  • Orange: pontine nuclei
  • Gray: middle cerebellar peduncle
  • Dark blue: superior cerebellar penduncle
  • Olive green: nucleus ceruleus
    *
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7
Q

Describe the dermatome for C7

A

back of shoulder along posterior surface of arm, forearm, and hand including digits 2 and 3

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8
Q

Describe the dermatome for C5

A

front of shoulders along anterior surface of arm and forearm.

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9
Q

Describe the dermatome of T2 and T3

A

upper pectoral region

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11
Q

brainstem

A

Midbrain/pons/medulla: cranial nerve nuclei; passage of major sensory/motor pathways, centers for autonomic fxn (respir, circ, and PNS), control of sleep/wake cycles, alertness, and special senses (taste, smell, vision, hearing/balance)

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11
Q

Describe the dermatome for C4

A

ridge of shoulders

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12
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

emotion (Limbic)

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13
Q

What are the muscle group actions of the Sciatic nerve?

A

flexion at knee (plus motor components of tibial and common fibular nerve)

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14
Q

What are the Landmark dermatomes of the body?

A
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15
Q

What are the 3 primary vesicles of the developing brain?

A

Forebrain (prosencephalon)

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

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16
Q

DCML

A

dorsal column/medial lemniscus: a division of the somatosensory system that is responsible for proprioception, vibration, and fine tuning

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16
Q

What are the muscle group actions of the tibial nerve?

A

Plantar flexion of foot, inversion of foot, flexion of toes (L4, L5, S1, S2)

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

Describe the dermatome of S2

A

posterior thigh and posterior leg

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20
Q

ALS

A

Antero-lateral pathway: division of somatosensory system that is responsible for detecting pain and temperature

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22
Q

What areas of the brain govern language?

A

Broca’s area (frontal lobe)

Wernicke’s area (temporal lobe)–higher order area for processing complex sounds

The two areas are connected via arcuate fasiculus and peri-sylvian connections

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23
Q

spinal cord

A

local spinal reflexes, motor pattern generation, major ascending/descending sensory and motor pathways, autonomic centers (SNS and PNS).

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25
Q

Basal ganglia

A

movement initiation, action selection, procedural learning

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26
Q

Which cranial nerves exit from the pons?

A

Trigeminal (CN V), Abducens (CN VI), Facial (CN VII), and Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) all exit from the ventral pons

28
Q

Frontal lobe

A

higher cognition, motor control

29
Q

What are the divisions of the somatosensory system?

A

DCML (dorsal column/medial lemniscus) and ALS (antero-lateral pathway)

30
Q

***Describe the landmark dermatome of T10

32
Q

What are the muscle group actions of the deep fibular nerve?

A

Dorsiflexion of foot, inversion of foot (L4, L5)

33
Q

Gray vs. White matter

A

Gray: neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses (neuropil)

White: myelinated fiber tracts (axonal processes) and commissures

In the brain: gray matter is in the cortex (outside) and white matter in center

In spinal cord: the opposite

Brainstem: somewhere inbetween.

34
Q
A

Rostral Midbrain

  • Red: pineal (sleep/wake cycles)
  • Blue: posterior commissure (consensual pupillary reflex)
35
Q

Which cranial nerves exit from the medulla?

A

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX), Vagus (CN X), and Hypoglossal (CN XII) exit from ventral medulla. Also cranial portion of Accessory nerve (CN XI) exits from the inferior ventral medulla.

36
Q
A

Rostral Midbrain

  • Red: superior colliculus
  • Purple: crus cerebri (cerebellar peduncle, corticospinal tract)
  • Yellow: substantia nigra (pars reticulate)
  • Orange: substantia nigra (pars compacta)
  • Blue: red nucleus (motor control)
  • Green: oculomotor nerve
37
Q

Describe the dermatome of S3-S5

A

perianal region

38
Q

Describe the dermatome of S1

A

posterior thigh and lateral leg and foot

40
Q

Describe the dermatome for C8

A

back of shoulder along inferior surface of arm, forearm, and hand, including digist 4 and 5

41
Q

Describe the dermatome of T11-T12

A

lower abdominal region

42
Q

What are the muscle group actions of the obturator nerve?

A

adduction at hip (L2, L3, L4)

44
Q

What are the muscle group actions of the femoral nerve?

A

flexion at hip and extension at knee

(L2, L3, L4)

45
Q
A

C1 spinal cord (myelin stained); WM>GM; note accessory nerve nucleus at lateral edge of ventral horn

46
Q

Mesencephalon

A

both a 1’ and 2’ vesicle, gives rise to the midbrain and aqueducts

47
Q
A

Caudal Pons:

  • Red: 4th ventricle
  • Pink: Abducens nucleus
  • Purple: facial neve/motor nucleus
  • Blue: Abducens nerve
  • Green: medial lemniscus
  • Orange: facial nerve
48
Q
A

A: Internal capsule, anterior limb

B: Internal capsule, genu

C: Internal capsule, posterior limb

D: Caudate nucleus (basal ganglia)

E: Putamen

F: Thalamus

50
Q

What is the branching pattern of the brachial plexus?

53
Q
A

Green: Oculomotor (CN III)

Red: Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Yellow: Abducens nerve (CN VI)

Blue: Facial nerve (CN VII)

Purple: Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)

Pink: Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Orange: Vagus nerve (CN X)

Black: Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

55
Q

Diencephalon

A

Derived from the prosencephalon, gives rise to the thalamus and 3rd ventricle; outpocketings of the diencephalon will develop into neural retina and pigmented epithelium.

57
Q
A

Caudal Medulla, contains:

  • decussation of descending corticospinal tract fibers (voluntary motor control path) (GREEN ARROW)
  • trigeminal nucleus (red arrow)
  • central grey (yellow arrow)
58
Q
A

CAUDAL MEDULLA:

  • Yellow: dorsal motor nucleus of vagus n.
  • Gray: hypoglossal nucleus (CN XII)
  • Green: cuneate nucleus
  • Blue: trigeminal n. nucleus
  • Purple: pyramid
  • Orange: DCML
  • Red: principal olivary nucleus (cerebellar circ)
  • Pink: DCML crossing
60
Q

Temporal lobe

A

hearing, vision, and memory

60
Q

Describe the dermatomes for C2 and C3

A

back of head

61
Q

What are the 5 secondary vesicles of the developing brain?

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

Mesencephalon

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

61
Q
A

blue arrows point to the Trochlear nerve (CN IV) which exits the dorsal surface of the midbrain

63
Q

What are the muscle group actions of the superficial fibular nerve?

A

eversion of foot (L5, S1)

64
Q

What are the spinal roots of the lumbosacral plexus?

A

L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, S1, S2, S3

65
Q

Describe the dermatome of L5

A

lateral thigh and anterior surface of leg and foot

67
Q

What muscle actions is the axillary nerve responsible for?

A

Abduction and extension at shoulder

(C5, C6)

68
Q

Which medulla section is rostral and which is caudal?

69
Q

Telencephalon

A

Derived from prosencephalon, gives rise to cerebral hemipsheres and lateral ventricles

70
Q

what muscle group actions is the ulnar nerve responsible for?

A

Finger adduction and abduction other than thumb, thumb adduction, flexion of digits 4 and 5, wrist flexion and adduction

(C8, T1)

72
Q

Occipital

73
Q
A

Medulla (obex)

  • pink: obex, caudal end of 4th ventricle
  • green: hypoglossal nerve fibers
75
Q
A

Myelin-stain of segment of sacral spinal cord; GM>>WM

76
Q

What muscle group actions is the radial nerve responsible for?

A

Extension at all arm, wrist, and finger joints; forearm supination, and thumb abduction

(C5, C6, C7, C8)

77
Q

cerebellum

A

control and fine tuning of movement (target error correction), gait and balance

78
Q

Diencephalon

A

major relays of sensory and some motor pathways (thalamus), alertness/wakefulness, neuroendocrine and endocrine effects, higher centers for autonomic fxn (hypothalamus)

81
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

higher cognitive fxn (consciousness, learning/memory, personality, decision making, language), major sensory/motor representations, voluntary mvmt, and emotions

82
Q

***Describe the landmark dermatome of T4

A

areolar region

83
Q

What are the terminal branches of the brachial plexus and what spinal roots are they derived from?

84
Q

Describe the dermatome of T1

A

upper pectoral region, axilla, and along anterior surface of arm and forearm.

85
Q

Metencephalon

A

Derived from the rhombecephalon (hindbrain), gives rise to the pons, cerebellum, and upper part of 4th ventricle

86
Q

Describe the dermatome of T5-T9

A

upper abdominal region

87
Q

***Describe the landmark dermatome of L4

A

from lateral hip over knee cap to great toe

NSB (4 decks)

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