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NMIS Instrumentation I > Block 1-3 Review > Flashcards

Block 1-3 Review Flashcards

1
Q
A

Know how to label

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2
Q

What is a PM Tube

A

A light sensitive device which converts light into measurable electronic pulses.

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3
Q

What does a dynode do?

A

It helps produce secondary electrons

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4
Q

What does the anode do?

A

Collects the electron pulse from the last dynode

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5
Q

The intensity of scintillating on the NaI crystal is proportional to:

A

The amount of energy deposited by ionized electrons

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6
Q

What is the makeup of the reflective coating of the crystal

A

Titanium or magnesium

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7
Q

Why is the crystal hermetically sealed

A

Moisture

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8
Q

The strength/brightness of the scintillation in the NaI crystal is due to

A

The number of free electrons created by the incident photon

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9
Q

The PM Tube is magnetically shielded to prevent

A

Influence from outside electrical noise

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10
Q

A change in temperature no more than _____ can crack the NaI crystal.

A

10°/hour

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11
Q

The photo peak of the spectrum is comprised mostly of this type of atokic interaction where all of the energy of the incident photon…

A

Photoelectric effect

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12
Q

The electron multiplication factor depends on

A

Energy of photoelectron

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13
Q

Which is NOT an advantage of the naI crystal

A

Can easily detect beta radiation

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14
Q

The percent of light created in NaI crystals that reaches the photocathode

A

15%

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15
Q

Coincidence loss is more likely to occur when

A

Pulses arrive too close together

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16
Q

Pulse height represents

A

Energy of the pulse in KeV

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17
Q

When working on the efficiency of a camera the activity used to determine the efficiency must be converted to DPM by multiplying

A

2.22 x 10^6 DPM/uCi

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18
Q

Process in which a photon deposits all of its energy when colliding with an orbital electron

A

Photoelectric effect

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19
Q

Am electrons ____ energy must be overcome before it can be ejected from its orbital shell

A

Binding

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20
Q

Know how to label photo peak. Where is it on a graph?

A

The topmost point of the curve

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21
Q

One current (ci) equal?

A

3.7 x 10^4 DPS

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22
Q

Difference between x-rays and gamma rays

A

Their origins

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23
Q

Formula for detector efficiency

A

Efficiency = CPM/DPM

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24
Q

To ensure highest energy detection efficiency during imaging with a NaI crystal detector system, the radionuclide used should be between

A

0.100 & 0.500 MeV

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25
Q

What are the two different types of efficiency that must be considered when designing/choosing a scintillation detector

A

Geometric and Intrinsic

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26
Q

The concept of the signal leaving the pre-amplifier and that same signal leaving the amplifier is known as

A

Linear fashion

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27
Q

What does this graph show

A

Baseline shift

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28
Q

What does this graph show

A

Pulse pileup

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29
Q

The signal received by the pre-amplifier is measured in

A

Milivolts

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30
Q

The pre-amplifier is close to the PM. Tube in order to

A

Maximize the signal to noise ratio

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31
Q

Because of the pulse shaping by the amplifier the detectors counting efficiency is increased by a factor of

A

6

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32
Q

Geometric efficiency of camera when imaging whole body bone scans

A

50%

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33
Q

Term that described a detectors ability to absorb incident radiation and convert that energy into a potentially….

A

Intrinsic efficiency

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34
Q

Solid detector components in order beginning with part that would collect photons from patient

A
  1. Crystal
  2. Photocathode
  3. Dynode
  4. Anode
  5. Preamp
  6. Amplifier
  7. Pulse height analyzer
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35
Q

137- Cs is a good calibration source for radionuclide counting equipment because

A

It has one distinct photo peak and higher energy photo peaks have better resolution

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36
Q

The window used for acquiring nuclear medicine images is usually _____ than the window used for HV calibration

A

Wider

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37
Q

Energy resolution value for 137-Cs on a solid detector system

A

8-12%

10% on quiz

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38
Q

Energy resolution got a gamma camera

A

10%

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39
Q

Type of counting that only uses one discriminator and counts above the discriminator setting

A

Integral

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40
Q

Allows detector to count more than one window at a time

A

Multi channel analyzer

41
Q

Know the room Calc formula

A
42
Q

Xe room Calc w0 ft 25 ft 12 ft

A

1.53 x 10^7 ml/min

43
Q

When should the air concentration and room ventilation rate calculations be done

A

Semi-annually

44
Q

Exhaust flow rate for scan room 872

A

Department should change to aerosol studies

45
Q

If exhaust is less than supple

A

Change to aerosol studies

46
Q

Limist for maximum airborne concentrations of radioactive aerosols established by

A

Nuclear Regulatory Comission

47
Q

Value of A when solving spilled gas clearance time equation

A

Highest activity in a single container in uCi

48
Q

Maximum permissible derived air concentration DAC for a restricted room where Xe is used

A

1.0 x 10^-4 uCi/ml

49
Q

Xenon uses what type of system

A

Delivery/ trap system

50
Q

Xenon collection system checks performed

A

Monthly

51
Q

According to the procedure for monitoring or checking… a test in which 59 cpm bag and 25 cpm background …

A

Xe trap should be replaced

52
Q

Xe trap component that prevents Co2 from returning to patient

A

Soda lime

53
Q

Independent window with a LL setting of 180 & a window setting of 40 KeV. Equivalent UL setting?

A

220

54
Q

Energy resolution if our FWHM was 20 KeV and we’re using Tc99m

A

14.28%

55
Q

On a counting device configured with independent windows, if the LL is on 450 and a 30Ke: window is desired what would the UL be set on

A

490

56
Q

If a room has a supply of 525 CFM and a exhaust of 400 CFM then the room would have a positive or negative pressure by how much?

A

125 CFM positive

57
Q

If a 20% window centered around the 159- Kev I-123 peak is desired what would the LLP and ULD settings be

A

143 KeV - 175 KeV

58
Q

Know % energy resolution formula

A
59
Q

The _____ the bell curve of the energy spectrum the better the energy resolution

A

Narrower

60
Q

What is the FWHM

A

20 KeV

61
Q

What is the % energy resolution

A

14%

62
Q

What effect does increasing the width of the window have on resolution and count rate

A

When resolution decreases count rate increases

63
Q

Changing calibration settings

A

The count rate decreases since the photopeak will be shifted to the left

64
Q

Calibration of HV on scintillation detectors is performed

A

Daily

65
Q

An anti coincidence circuit will ____ a pulse if it receives a pulse from LLD and ULD

A

Reject

66
Q

Collimator for liver spleen LFOV camera

A

LEAP

67
Q

SFOV camera biliary scan collimator

A

Diverging

68
Q

When is spatial resolution performed

A

Weekly

69
Q

What is used for an intrinsic uniformity test

A

A Tc99m point source

70
Q

Disadvantage of a Liquid source

A

Less convenient

71
Q

What DOESNT affect intrinsic resolution

A

Geometry of collimator holes

72
Q

What collimator will not distort image

A

GAP

73
Q

Diameter of hole _____ sensitivity of collimator

A

Increases

74
Q

Best collimator construction

A

Increase Hole length DECREASE hole diameter

75
Q

Septal penetration is…

A

Reduced by thickening the septa

76
Q

Variables not utilized in calculation of collimator septa thickness

A

Thickness of crystal

77
Q

Pin hole collimator: the closer the object is to the pinhole

A

The larger the image, smaller FOV

78
Q

What is the collimator septa

A

The region between the holes

79
Q

What is NOT considered when designing/choosing collimator

A

Activity of source

80
Q

SFOV camera diverging collimator organ scan

A

Lungs

81
Q

Pin hole collimator: 33 cm 54 diameter

A

FOV: 12.67

82
Q

Detector 11in 3cm thickness

A

38.32 cm

83
Q

Extrinsic flood source

A

Co 58 sheet source

84
Q

When do you do uniformity floods

A

Daily before patients

85
Q

Pin hole collimator: 30 cm object 5cm

A

6.0 x magnified

86
Q

Detector 11 in 5 cm thick

A

39.9 cm

87
Q
A

Multi Window Registration Error

88
Q
A

Edgepacking and crystal hydration

89
Q
A

PM Tube out

90
Q
A

Contamination

91
Q
A

Gain shift

92
Q
A

Cracked crystal

93
Q
A

PHA set offpeal

94
Q
A

Hine dully
Ples
Four quadrant
Orthogonal
UB

95
Q
A

Improper mixing

96
Q
A

Moire artifact

97
Q
A

Air bubbles

98
Q

What happens to the image when we use continuous acquisition and step and shoot

A

Continuous causes blurring and step and shoot increases acquisition time

NMIS Instrumentation I (1 decks)

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