Block 1 & 2 ID/Sigs Flashcards
Government by the people, for the people. Generally, people elect leaders to speak on their behalf. Includes all eligible members of the state.
Democracy
A country or political system in which the ruler holds absolute power. Typically, 1 person holds all of the power, however sometimes power is divided amongst a few. Generally this excessive power is exercised in a cruel or unusual way.
Despotism
A form of government ruled by one individual. Power is inherited through a family.
Monarchy
Distribution of power through different branches of government. Elected representatives vote for the best interests of their constituents.
Republic
Locke’s idea that the liberty each man has to make his own decisions about how to use his own power for the preservation of his own nature and thus has the liberty of doing anything he thinks is the best means. (Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness)
Natural rights
Men are free to order their own actions and dispose of their possessions and themselves. Originated in medieval Christianity, then popularized by Hobbes before being adapted by Locke and Rousseau. Law of the wild, before humanity made government. This wild state is a state of equality because everyone has the same access to all resources and must fight for them.
State of nature
An implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits. The state exists to serve the people.
Social contract
If the government takes away the rights of the people they have the right to alter or abolish it. Supported by Locke, but denied by Hobbes.
Right to abolish the government
Political System in which the powers of the government are restricted to prevent tyranny by protecting property and individual property and individual rights. Ours is limited by the powers expressed in the constitution.
Limited government
Form of government in which the interests of the people are restricted through elected leaders. Limited government
Republicanism
Counted each slave as 3/5 of a person in a state’s population for determining representatives for the House.
3/5 compromise
The constitution and the Laws and treaties of the US are the supreme law of the land, meaning national laws take precedent over state ones if there is a conflict between the two. (Federal government > State government)
National supremacy clause
Constitutional power of Congress to raise and spend money, can use as a positive or negative checking power. Originated in Fed 58, James Madison.
Power of the purse
Powers explicitly granted to Congress, president, or Supreme Court. For example, to coin money and regulate its value and to impose taxes.
Enumerated powers
Powers supported by the Constitution that are not explicitly stated in it. (Typically powers necessary to accomplish enumerated powers).
Implied powers
Bicameral legislature. The senate would be the higher house, where every state would get 2 senators, and the House would be the lower house, where states would be represented proportional to their population.
Great compromise
A permanent, paid, and typically professional national army. Not disbanded in time of peace.
Standing army
Group within another organization. Usually dissents the larger one.
Faction
More people and more territory, precursor to westward expansion. In Madison’s usage, necessary for the preservation of liberty in America to ensure divergent interests and beliefs, thereby preventing a tyranny of the majority.
Extended sphere
The peoples liberties are secured not only by the government fulfilling its responsibilities, but also by competition within the government preventing the tyranny of any one faction. Checks and balances as well as state vs national division of power.
Double security
Basic political freedoms that protect citizens from government power. for example, those in the Bill of Rights.
Civil liberty
Legal protections created in the interest of promoting equality/preventing discrimination
Civil rights
System of government connecting regional governments with a central, national government and distributing powers between the two. Both levels of government have significant levels of autonomy and unique powers.
Federalism
The supreme authority of estate, in Republican/democratic governments this rest in the people. In authoritarian and totalitarian states, it rest in the national government
Sovereign power
Part of Constitution requiring that states must treat nonstate residence within their borders as they would treat their own residents.
Privileges and immunity clause
The part of the constitution requiring that state laws be honored by other states
Full faith and credit clause
Type of federalism where national and state governments are seen as distinct entities providing separate services. Limits the power of the national government
Dual federalism
Idea that states are entitled to a certain amount of self government, free of federal intervention.
States’ rights
Form of cooperative federalism in which policy makers within a particular policy area work together across the levels of government.
Picket fence federalism
Form of federalism in which national and state governments work together to provide services efficiently.
Cooperative federalism
Form of federalism in which federal funds are allocated to lower levels of government through transfer of payments or grants.
Fiscal federalism
Federal laws that require the states to do certain things but do not provide funding to implement those policies.
Unfounded mandates
Relationship between the civilian and military population.
Civil-Military Relations
Distrust and suspicion regarding the military and their behavior from the civilian population.
Civil-military gap
Publicizing societal problems, expressing demands for government action. Participants include mass media, interest groups, citizen initiatives, and public opinion. where traction is created.
Problem identification
Deciding what issues with the address for the government. Participants include elites, president and Congress, candidates for political office, mass media.
Agenda setting
Developing policy proposals to resolve issues and ameliorate problems. Participants include think tanks, President an executive office, congressional committees, interest groups.
Policy formulation
Selecting proposal, developing political support for it, and I can get into law, deciding on its constitutionality. Participants include interest groups, the president, Congress, and courts. The beginning of making a policy come into law through formal governmental processes. We see intentional and deliver stands toward the bill by politicians.
Policy legitimation
Organize department agencies, providing payments or services, and loving taxes. Participants include the president and White House staff, executive departments, and agencies. Here, the bills are signed into law and appropriate agencies are provided resources to carry out.
Policy implementation
Reporting outputs of government programs, evaluating impacts of policies on target and nontarget groups, proposing changes and reforms. Participants include executive departments and agencies, congressional oversight committees, mass media, and think tanks. Periodically tracking the progress a bill makes towards fulfilling its agenda.
Policy evaluation
Kingdon’s stream for how political problems are posed/framed by politicians to the general public (or or to other politicians)
Stream of problems
Kingdon’s stream for the point of time when motivation and resources are available to solve a defined problem. The ebb and flow of government and the mood toward political issues.
Stream of politics
Kingdon’s stream for the proposed solution to a problem as asserted by politicians.
Stream of policies