Block 1 & 2 ID/Sigs Flashcards

1
Q

Government by the people, for the people. Generally, people elect leaders to speak on their behalf. Includes all eligible members of the state.

A

Democracy

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2
Q

A country or political system in which the ruler holds absolute power. Typically, 1 person holds all of the power, however sometimes power is divided amongst a few. Generally this excessive power is exercised in a cruel or unusual way.

A

Despotism

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3
Q

A form of government ruled by one individual. Power is inherited through a family.

A

Monarchy

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4
Q

Distribution of power through different branches of government. Elected representatives vote for the best interests of their constituents.

A

Republic

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5
Q

Locke’s idea that the liberty each man has to make his own decisions about how to use his own power for the preservation of his own nature and thus has the liberty of doing anything he thinks is the best means. (Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness)

A

Natural rights

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6
Q

Men are free to order their own actions and dispose of their possessions and themselves. Originated in medieval Christianity, then popularized by Hobbes before being adapted by Locke and Rousseau. Law of the wild, before humanity made government. This wild state is a state of equality because everyone has the same access to all resources and must fight for them.

A

State of nature

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7
Q

An implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits. The state exists to serve the people.

A

Social contract

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8
Q

If the government takes away the rights of the people they have the right to alter or abolish it. Supported by Locke, but denied by Hobbes.

A

Right to abolish the government

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9
Q

Political System in which the powers of the government are restricted to prevent tyranny by protecting property and individual property and individual rights. Ours is limited by the powers expressed in the constitution.

A

Limited government

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10
Q

Form of government in which the interests of the people are restricted through elected leaders. Limited government

A

Republicanism

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11
Q

Counted each slave as 3/5 of a person in a state’s population for determining representatives for the House.

A

3/5 compromise

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12
Q

The constitution and the Laws and treaties of the US are the supreme law of the land, meaning national laws take precedent over state ones if there is a conflict between the two. (Federal government > State government)

A

National supremacy clause

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13
Q

Constitutional power of Congress to raise and spend money, can use as a positive or negative checking power. Originated in Fed 58, James Madison.

A

Power of the purse

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14
Q

Powers explicitly granted to Congress, president, or Supreme Court. For example, to coin money and regulate its value and to impose taxes.

A

Enumerated powers

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15
Q

Powers supported by the Constitution that are not explicitly stated in it. (Typically powers necessary to accomplish enumerated powers).

A

Implied powers

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16
Q

Bicameral legislature. The senate would be the higher house, where every state would get 2 senators, and the House would be the lower house, where states would be represented proportional to their population.

A

Great compromise

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17
Q

A permanent, paid, and typically professional national army. Not disbanded in time of peace.

A

Standing army

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18
Q

Group within another organization. Usually dissents the larger one.

A

Faction

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19
Q

More people and more territory, precursor to westward expansion. In Madison’s usage, necessary for the preservation of liberty in America to ensure divergent interests and beliefs, thereby preventing a tyranny of the majority.

A

Extended sphere

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20
Q

The peoples liberties are secured not only by the government fulfilling its responsibilities, but also by competition within the government preventing the tyranny of any one faction. Checks and balances as well as state vs national division of power.

A

Double security

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21
Q

Basic political freedoms that protect citizens from government power. for example, those in the Bill of Rights.

A

Civil liberty

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22
Q

Legal protections created in the interest of promoting equality/preventing discrimination

A

Civil rights

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23
Q

System of government connecting regional governments with a central, national government and distributing powers between the two. Both levels of government have significant levels of autonomy and unique powers.

A

Federalism

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24
Q

The supreme authority of estate, in Republican/democratic governments this rest in the people. In authoritarian and totalitarian states, it rest in the national government

A

Sovereign power

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25
Q

Part of Constitution requiring that states must treat nonstate residence within their borders as they would treat their own residents.

A

Privileges and immunity clause

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26
Q

The part of the constitution requiring that state laws be honored by other states

A

Full faith and credit clause

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27
Q

Type of federalism where national and state governments are seen as distinct entities providing separate services. Limits the power of the national government

A

Dual federalism

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28
Q

Idea that states are entitled to a certain amount of self government, free of federal intervention.

A

States’ rights

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29
Q

Form of cooperative federalism in which policy makers within a particular policy area work together across the levels of government.

A

Picket fence federalism

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30
Q

Form of federalism in which national and state governments work together to provide services efficiently.

A

Cooperative federalism

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31
Q

Form of federalism in which federal funds are allocated to lower levels of government through transfer of payments or grants.

A

Fiscal federalism

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32
Q

Federal laws that require the states to do certain things but do not provide funding to implement those policies.

A

Unfounded mandates

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33
Q

Relationship between the civilian and military population.

A

Civil-Military Relations

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34
Q

Distrust and suspicion regarding the military and their behavior from the civilian population.

A

Civil-military gap

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35
Q

Publicizing societal problems, expressing demands for government action. Participants include mass media, interest groups, citizen initiatives, and public opinion. where traction is created.

A

Problem identification

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36
Q

Deciding what issues with the address for the government. Participants include elites, president and Congress, candidates for political office, mass media.

A

Agenda setting

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37
Q

Developing policy proposals to resolve issues and ameliorate problems. Participants include think tanks, President an executive office, congressional committees, interest groups.

A

Policy formulation

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38
Q

Selecting proposal, developing political support for it, and I can get into law, deciding on its constitutionality. Participants include interest groups, the president, Congress, and courts. The beginning of making a policy come into law through formal governmental processes. We see intentional and deliver stands toward the bill by politicians.

A

Policy legitimation

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39
Q

Organize department agencies, providing payments or services, and loving taxes. Participants include the president and White House staff, executive departments, and agencies. Here, the bills are signed into law and appropriate agencies are provided resources to carry out.

A

Policy implementation

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40
Q

Reporting outputs of government programs, evaluating impacts of policies on target and nontarget groups, proposing changes and reforms. Participants include executive departments and agencies, congressional oversight committees, mass media, and think tanks. Periodically tracking the progress a bill makes towards fulfilling its agenda.

A

Policy evaluation

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41
Q

Kingdon’s stream for how political problems are posed/framed by politicians to the general public (or or to other politicians)

A

Stream of problems

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42
Q

Kingdon’s stream for the point of time when motivation and resources are available to solve a defined problem. The ebb and flow of government and the mood toward political issues.

A

Stream of politics

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43
Q

Kingdon’s stream for the proposed solution to a problem as asserted by politicians.

A

Stream of policies

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44
Q

Someone who pushes and supports adoption for a particular public policy.

A

Policy advocate

45
Q

Kingdon’s idea that all three streams converge (confluence) at this point (very rare) to actually make policy happen. Policies pass much more easily when such “streams” converge. Thus, when a problem is recognized, solutions are available, political conditions are right, the three streams join (along with policy advocates to push for certain legislation). The window is only open when a problem is extremely pressing and requires immediate action, or a political stream changes and advocates take advantage of a newly open window to push their policy.

A

Policy window

46
Q

How politicians or policy advocates propose a problem to the public

A

Problem frame

47
Q

Kingdon describes it as the effect that a policy being passed in one mode or sphere has on other similar, or dissimilar, spheres of public policy. For example, if legislation is passed regarding aviation then it might spill over into other modes of transportation like trucking.

A

Spillover effect

48
Q

Representation in which a member of Congress shares the characteristics of his or her constituents. For example, having the same race, religion, or ethnicity as their constituents

A

Descriptive representation

49
Q

Representation in which a member of Congress serves constituents’ interests and shares their policy concerns

A

Substantive representation

50
Q

Member of Congress who represents constituents’ interests while also taking into account national, collective, and moral concerns that sometimes cause the member to vote against the preference of a majority of constituents.

A

Trustee

51
Q

A member of Congress who loyally represents constituents’ direct interests

A

Delegate

52
Q

Appeals or appearances that get the member‘s name in front of the public in a favorable way. Includes working the district, such as attending town meetings; Appearing in a parade; Sending letters of congratulations for graduates, birthdays, or anniversaries; meeting with constituents in Washington DC, For example seeing school groups, tourists, and interest groups from their districts.

A

Advertising

53
Q

What members take credit for something of value to voters, such as highlighting their involvement in government actions which have been beneficial for their constituents (or their support for policies with which the constituents agree).

A

Credit claiming

54
Q

Taking a stance on an issue of local importance to their constituents. Usually done carefully, limiting and targeting to their audience their stance as much as possible to minimize the voters they alienate.

A

Position taking

55
Q

Refers to how difficult defeating an incumbent is. As a rule, the incumbent has name recognition, connections to Washington interest groups, money experience, and popular support even before the campaign begins.

A

Incumbency advantage

56
Q

Red districting by the party in power to ensure maximum votes for their candidates or make it more difficult for an opposition party to defend their seats. The library of Congress notes the term originated in 1811, when Massachusetts governor Elbridge Gerry signed a bill into law that created a new district resembling a salamander.

A

Gerrymandering

57
Q

A situation in which the government is unable to pass new legislation, often because the presidency and the Congress are controlled by different political parties.

A

Gridlock

58
Q

Quid pro quo exchange of favors. Generally refers to vote-trading by lawmaker to ensure that each legislator’s favored provisions have a higher chance of passing.

A

Logrolling

59
Q

Funds that are allocated to a specific program, project, or designated purpose.

A

Earmarks

60
Q

The presiding officer of the house. Charged with numerous duties and responsibilities by law and by the house rules. This officer maintains order, manages its proceedings, and governs the administration of its business. This position is named in the constitution.

A

Speaker of the House

61
Q

This officer schedules business on the floor by calling bills from the calendar and keeps members of his or her caucus advised about the daily legislative program. Through consultation with the leader of the opposition, this leader fashions unanimous consent agreements by which the Senate may limit the amount of time for debate on a measure and divide that time between the parties. This position is not explicitly named in the constitution but is included under “elect other officers”. As the parties developed, this was a logical position to establish.

A

Majority leader

62
Q

Shares some roles and responsibilities with the majority leader. This leader is often assisted in their role by one or more whips, whose job is to enforce party discipline on votes deemed to be crucial by party leadership and to ensure that members do not vote against the position of the party leaders. This position was not explicitly named in the constitution but was included under “elect other officers.” As the parties developed, this was a logical position to establish.

A

Minority leader

63
Q

The extent to which members of Congress in the same party vote together on party votes.

A

Party unity

64
Q

Argues that societies have a duty to individuals in need and that all individuals have a duty to help others in need.

A

Distributive justice theory

65
Q

Sees committees as institutional arrangements through which information is aggregated, either within committees or in a unidimensional policy environment.

A

Informational theory

66
Q

President’s rejection of a bill that has been passed by Congress. Can be overridden by a 2/3 vote in both the house and Senate.

A

Veto

67
Q

A single document that is accepted in one vote by legislature but packages together several measures into one from diverse subjects. Because of their large size and scope, omnibus bills limit opportunities for debate and scrutiny.

A

Omnibus legislation

68
Q

Attempt to block or delay US senate action on a bill or other matter by debating it at length, by offering numerous procedural motions, or by any other delaying or obstructive actions.

A

Filibuster

69
Q

Process used to pass fiscal spending bills with only 51 votes in the Senate, while avoiding the potential of a filibuster.

A

Reconciliation

70
Q

Respectively, the power to ensure items are on the agenda and the power to ensure items are off of it

A

Positive and negative agenda power

71
Q

Article 2, section 1. “the executive power shall be vested in a president of the United States of America.”

A

Vesting clause

72
Q

Order by the president of the executive branch to enact some policy or achieve a policy goal without congressional input. Not explicitly allowed in the constitution but considered an implied power under executive power as defined in the constitution, only binding on employees of the federal branch.

A

Executive order

73
Q
  1. The president is required to report to Congress any introduction of US forces into hostilities or imminent hostilities
  2. The use of force must be terminated within 60 days unless Congress approves of the deployment. The time limit can be extended to 90 days if the president certifies the additional time is needed to safely withdraw American forces.
  3. The president is required, whenever possible, to consult with Congress before introducing American forces into hostilities or imminent hostilities.
  4. Any congressional resolution authorizing the continued deployment of American forces will be considered under expedited procedures.
A

War powers resolution of 1973

74
Q

Annual message delivered by the President of the United States to a joint session of the United States Congress near the beginning of each calendar year on the current condition of the nation. Fulfillment of the requirements of article 2, section 3, clause one of the constitution of the United States.

A

State of the Union

75
Q

The act of withholding information from congressional, judicial, or public scrutiny.

A

Executive privilege

76
Q

Any policy decision made an acted upon by the president and his staff without the explicit approval or consent of Congress.

A

Unilateral action

77
Q

A theory of United States constitutional law which holds that the President of the United States possesses the power to control the entire federal executive branch.

A

Unitary executive theory

78
Q

Rules made by agencies ostensibly in order to fulfill the demands of a law passed by Congress. Regulations have the force of law for those under the jurisdiction of the agency who makes the regulation.

A

Regulation

79
Q

Someone who works for the government in the public sector.

A

Civil servant

80
Q

Someone appointed to a position in a field of civil service by the president. This is political because such appointees are chosen based on the degree to which they are politically amenable to the presidents policy goals.

A

Political appointee

81
Q

The interaction between a principal, (like the president or Congress) who needs something done, and an agent (like a bureaucrat), who is responsible for carrying out the principles orders.

A

Principle-agent game

82
Q

Refers to when a government agency ask not in the public interest, but in the interest of an interest group or faction.

A

Regulatory capture

83
Q

Bureaucrats’ tendency to implement policies in a way that favors their own political objectives rather than following the original intentions of the legislation.

A

Bureaucratic drift

84
Q

A method of oversight in which members of Congress constantly monitor the bureaucracy to make sure that laws are implemented correctly.

A

Police patrol oversight

85
Q

A method of oversight in which members of Congress respond to complaints about the bureaucracy or problems of implementation only as they arise rather than exercising constant vigilance.

A

Fire alarm oversight

86
Q

The right of court to hear the case for the first time. (Appellate jurisdiction is the right to hear appeals of original jurisdiction and lower jurisdiction decisions, and is what SCOTUS has)

A

Original jurisdiction

87
Q

Law that clarified roles of Federal Court jurisdiction and established the attorney general position

A

Judiciary act of 1789

88
Q

Supreme court ruling that established judicial review

A

Marbury v Madison (1803)

89
Q

SCOTUS’ power to interpret the Constitution and declare laws unconstitutional. Implicitly establishes SCOTUS’ status as the ultimate arbiter of constitutionally. This was first asserted in Marbury v Madison of 1803.

A

Judicial review

90
Q

Constitutional interpretation determines if legislation is supported by the population. the testing of law by courts to determine if law applies to certain situations.

A

Constitutional and statutory interpretation

91
Q

An individual or group who is not a party to a case but acts as an advisor to the court by offering an amicus brief, which includes information and or arguments relevant to the case and to the courts decision. Not a permanent position adopted on a case by case basis, predominantly by interest groups but also academics.

A

Amicus curiae

92
Q

Theory suggesting justices surmise the original founders intent regarding the constitution.

A

Original intent

93
Q

Theory suggesting justices follow the written language of the constitution.

A

Strict constriction

94
Q

Accounting for the national changes and circumstances and how they affect understanding of constitution and its implementation

A

Living constitution

95
Q

Understanding the decision on the basis of the judges political opinion.

A

Attitudinalist approach

96
Q

Judicial restraint is when the court acts only to uphold civil liberties and or the constitution, whereas judicial activism is when the court acts in the interest of spurring social change or promoting certain political or policy stances.

A

Judicial restraint v judicial activism

97
Q

Active courts act to assert the power in influence of the court and shape the national sociopolitical stage. they tend towards judicial activism, though the two ideas are not synonymous. Restrained courts limit their involvement in affairs to what is necessary, keep a lower profile, and act dominately in line with the precedent, consequently they tend toward justice or judicial restraint.

A

Active v. Restrained court

98
Q

A form of federalism in the United States in which states compete to attract businesses and jobs through the policies they adopt.

A

Competitive federalism

99
Q

Basic political freedoms that protect citizens from governmental abuses of power

A

Civil liberties

100
Q

The process through which most of the civil liberties granted in the Bill of Rights were applied to the states on a case by case basis through the 14th amendment.

A

Selective incorporation

101
Q

Court ruled that the electoral districts of state legislative chambers must be roughly equal in population

A

Reynolds v. Sims (1964)

102
Q

Government offices or organizations that provide government services and are not part of an executive department

A

Independent agency

103
Q

The principle that local government only exercises one powers expressly granted by the state to powers necessarily unfairly implied from the grant of power and three the power is crucial to the existence of local government. This rule is based on an 1868 ruling by Iowa Supreme Court Justice John F Dylan who said that local governments are extensions of the state government, not separate entities, and have only those powers granted to them in the state constitution, the concept was affirmed by the Supreme Court in 1907. Basically said the state government overrides local government.

A

Dillon’s rule

104
Q

A system of organization of local government that has an executive mayor who is elected by the voters, and a separately elected legislative city Council.

A

Mayor-council system

105
Q

Manager is responsible for direct and supervising the administrative agencies. The council, usually small, between five and nine members, and elected at large, acts as the executive and legislative body similar to the board or commission.

A

Council-manager system

106
Q

Working is when the military is doing everything in its power to accomplish the policy that civilians wanted. Shirking is when the military is not doing everything its power, or actively subverting, civilian policy.

A

Work v Shirk

107
Q

Maximizing civilian control of the military is subjective control, Huntington

A

Subjective control

108
Q

Maximizing military professionalism to control the military.

A

Objective control

109
Q

The dual system of civilian control the Congress and the president both having control over the military. The military has two masters.

A

Dual system of civilian control