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PA Anatomy > Block 1 > Flashcards

Block 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Trapezius attachments

A

Origin: external occipital protuberance and superior unchallenged line, spinous processes of cervical and thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: spine and Acromion of scapula, lateral 1/3 of clavicle

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2
Q

Trapezius innervation

A

Accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI)

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3
Q

Trapezius action

A

Elevates, depresses, retracts scapula. Stabilize the shoulder in upper limb movements (shrugs)

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4
Q

Trapezius blood supply

A

Transverse cervical artery

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5
Q

Latissimus dorsi attachments

A

Origin: spinous processes of T7-L5, thoracolumbar fascia, scapula, 9th-12th ribs, iliac crest
Insertion: floor of intertubercular groove of humerus

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6
Q

Latissimus dorsi innervation

A

Thoracodorsal nerve

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7
Q

Latissimus dorsi action

A

Adducts the upper limb (humerus) extension, medial rotation, adduction of the arm at the glenohumeral joint

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8
Q

Latissimus dorsi blood supply

A

Thoracodorsal artery

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9
Q

Levator scapulae attachments

A

Origin: transverse processes C1-C4
Insertion: superior angle of scapula

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10
Q

Levator scapulae innervation

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

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11
Q

Levator scapulae action

A

Elevates scapula, rotates scapula with rhomboideus muscle to point glenoid cavity inferiorly

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12
Q

Levator scapulae blood supply

A

Dorsal scapular artery (deep branch of transverse cervical artery)

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13
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Thin tendon, latissimus dorsi has large one

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14
Q

Rhomboideus major attachments

A

Origin: spinous processes T1-T4
Insertion: medial border of scapula

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15
Q

Rhomboideus major action

A

Elevates and retracts scapula, stabilizes and braces the shoulder, rotates the scapula to point the glenoid cavity inferiorly

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16
Q

Rhomboideus major innervation

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

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17
Q

Rhomboideus major blood supply

A

Dorsal scapular artery (deep branch of transverse cervical artery)

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18
Q

Rhomboideus minor attachments

A

Origin: spinous processes C6-C7
Insertion: medial border of scapula

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19
Q

Rhomboideus minor action

A

Elevates and retracts scapula, stabilizes and braces the shoulder, rotates the scapula to point the glenoid cavity inferiorly

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20
Q

Rhomboideus minor innervation

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

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21
Q

Rhomboideus minor blood supply

A

Dorsal scapular artery (deep branch of transverse cervical artery)

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22
Q

Serratus posterior superior attachments

A

Origin: spinous processes of C7-T3
Insertion: superior border of the 2-4 ribs

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23
Q

Serratus posterior superior innervation

A

Segmental, intercostal nerves (from ventral primary rami of spinal nerves)

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24
Q

Serratus posterior superior action

A

Elevates ribs 2-5 (feeble)

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25
Q

Serratus posterior superior blood supply

A

Segmental, posterior intervertebral artery

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26
Q

Serratus posterior inferior attachments

A

Origin: superior border of 2-4 ribs
Insertion: inferior border of lower 3 ribs (8-12)

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27
Q

Serratus posterior inferior innervation

A

Segmental, intercostal nerves (from ventral primary rami of spinal nerves)

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28
Q

Serratus posterior inferior action

A

Depress ribs

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29
Q

Serratus posterior inferior blood supply

A

Segmental, posterior intervertebral arteries

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30
Q

Dorsal scapular nerve innervates

A

Levator scapulae and rhomboideus major and minor

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31
Q

Dorsal scapular artery supplies

A

Levator scapulae and rhomboideus major and minor

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32
Q

Thoracodorsal nerve innervates

A

Latissiumus dorsi

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33
Q

Thoracodorsal artery supplies

A

Latissimus dorsi

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34
Q

Accessory nerve (CN XI) innervates

A

Trapezius

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35
Q

Transverse cervical artery supplies

A

Trapezius

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36
Q

Muscles that elevate the shoulder

A

Trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboideus major and minor

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37
Q

Muscles that retract the scapula

A

Trapezius, rhomboideus major and minor

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38
Q

Major adductor of upper limb (humerus)

A

Latissimus dorsi

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39
Q

Muscles that rotate the scapula to point glenoid inferiorly

A

Levator scapulae, rhomboideus major and minor

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40
Q

Layers of skin: superficial to deep

A

Epidermis, dermis, superficial fascia, deep fascia

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41
Q

Which layer of skin contains superficial vessels and nerves?

A

Superficial fascia

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42
Q

“Saran wrap” covering of muscles

A

Deep fascia

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43
Q

Diarthroidal joints also known as?

A

Synovial joints

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44
Q

Components of synovial joint

A

bone, hyaline cartilage, synovial fluid, synovial membrane, fibrous joint capsule

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45
Q

Adduction

A

towards midline

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46
Q

Abduction

A

away from midline

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47
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side

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48
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side

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49
Q

Coronal plane divides?

A

anterior/posterior
ventral/dorsal

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50
Q

Sagittal plane divides?

A

left/right
medial/lateral

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51
Q

Transverse plane divides?

A

cranial/caudal

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52
Q

Collection of neuronal cell bodies within the CNS?

A

nucleus

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53
Q

Collection of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS?

A

ganglion

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54
Q

Somatic nervous system vs. autonomic nervous system

A

voluntary vs. involuntary

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55
Q

GSE

A

general somatic efferent

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56
Q

GSA

A

general somatic afferent

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57
Q

How many cranial nerves?

A

12

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58
Q

Gray matter of spinal cord

A

contains nerve cell bodies, responsible for receiving and regulate outgoing information

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59
Q

Cell bodies for somatic efferent pathways are located where?

A

anterior horn of spinal cord

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60
Q

Afferent pathways synapse where?

A

posterior horn of spinal cord

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61
Q

Spinal nerves formed how?

A

joining of dorsal root and ventral root

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62
Q

Spinal nerve splits into what?

A

anterior (ventral) ramus
posterior (dorsal) ramus

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63
Q

Cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia are?

A

pseudounipolar

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64
Q

Dermatomes

A

Unilateral area of skin and muscle innervated by single spinal nerve

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65
Q

Bony landmarks of back

A

occipital protuberance
scapula
- spine
- superior/inferior angles
- medial border
- acromion
vertebra prominens (C7)
iliac crest

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66
Q

extrinsic vs. intrinsic muscles

A

extrinsic comes from outside (e.g. spine to upper limb)
intrinsic comes from inside (eg. spine to spine or upper limb to upper limb)

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67
Q

Nerves, arteries, and veins typically found where in relation to muscle?

A

Deep

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68
Q

How many vertebrae?

A

30 (7, 12, 5, 5, 1)

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69
Q

Kyphosis

A

anterior concave curvature

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70
Q

Lordosis

A

anterior convex curvature

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71
Q

Which parts of the vertebrae are primary curvatures?

A

Thoracic and Sacral

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72
Q

Primary curvature?

A

present at birth

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73
Q

Secondary curvature?

A

present after birth

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74
Q

Which parts of vertebrae are secondary curvature?

A

Cervical and Lumbar

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75
Q

Which vertebrae have a wide, triangular vertebral foramen?

A

cervical

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76
Q

Which vertebra has no body or spinous process?

A

C1 (atlas)

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77
Q

Where are transverse foramen found and what do they house?

A

cervical vertebrae only, house the vertebral artery

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78
Q

Function of atlas?

A

up and down motion of neck/head

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79
Q

Function of axis?

A

side to side motion of neck/head

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80
Q

Ligament attachment site on C2?

A

Dens

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81
Q

Function of transverse ligament of atlas?

A

prevent anterior dislocation of C1 over C2

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82
Q

Which vertebrae have a heart shaped body?

A

Thoracic

83
Q

Which vertebrae have a long spinous process that aligns with the inferior vertebra body?

A

Thoracic

84
Q

Which vertebrae have a kidney shaped body and triangular vertebral foramen?

A

Lumbar

85
Q

Alignment of superior and inferior thoracic facets?

A

Superior: face posteriorly, angled anteriorly
Inferior: face anteriorly, angled posteriorly

86
Q

Which vertebrae have a kidney shaped body?

A

Lumbar

87
Q

Which structure is unique to lumbar vertebrae?

A

mammillary process

88
Q

Alignment of superior and inferior lumbar facets?

A

Superior: point medially
Inferior: point laterally

89
Q

How many foramen are in sacrum?

A

8 anterior and 8 posterior

90
Q

Superior aspect of sacrum that articulates with lumbar vertebrae?

A

sacral promontory

91
Q

Where do the terminal nerves pass through?

A

sacral hiatus

92
Q

“Wings” of the sacrum called?

A

Ala

93
Q

Ligaments of spine anterior to posterior?

A

anterior longitudinal ligament
posterior longitudinal ligament
ligamentum flava
interspinous ligament
supraspinous ligament

94
Q

Which ligaments surround the vertebral bodies anteriorly?

A

anterior longitudinal ligament

95
Q

Which ligaments surround the vertebral bodies posteriorly?

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

96
Q

Ligaments between vertebral lamina?

A

ligamentum flavum

97
Q

Center of an intervertebral disc?

A

nucleus pulposus - made of 88% water and cartilaginous shock absorber

98
Q

What prevents the nucleus pulposus from herniating into the vertebral foramen and spinal cord?

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

99
Q

Cervical continuation of the supraspinous ligament?

A

Nuchal ligament (ligamentum nuchae)

100
Q

Attachment site for splenius capitis and trapezius muscles?

A

Nuchal ligament (ligamentum nuchae)

101
Q

Large valveless blood vessel network

A

vertebral venous plexus

102
Q

Where is vertebral venous plexus located?

A

spans the entire vertebral column

103
Q

A distribution of innervation of a structure spanning multiple spinal levels is?

A

segmental innervation

104
Q

Splenius capitis fixation

A

Origin: ligamentum nuche, spinous processes of C7-T3
Insertion: mastoid process of temporal and occipital bone

105
Q

Splenius capitis innervation

A

dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves

106
Q

Splenius capitis action

A

extend, rotate, and laterally flex head

107
Q

Splenius cervicis fixation

A

Origin: spinous processes of T3-T6
Insertion: transverse processes of C1-C2

108
Q

Splenius cervicis innervation

A

dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves

109
Q

Splenius cervicis action

A

extends and rotates cervical spine

110
Q

Action of splenius muscles together?

A

extend the head and neck

111
Q

Action of splenius muscles individually?

A

laterally flex and rotate head to the same side

112
Q

Erector spinae muscles

A

Spinalis (medial)
Longissimus
Ileocostalis (lateral)

113
Q

Erector spinae innervation

A

segmental by dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves

114
Q

Erector spinae actions

A

Unilaterally: flex the spinal column
Bilaterally: extend head and vertebral column

115
Q

Erector spinae attachments

A

Origin: commonly sacrum, iliac crest, and sacroiliac ligament
Insertion:
- spinalis - spinous processes
- longissimus - transverse processes and ribs
- ileocostalis - angles of ribs and transverse processes

116
Q

Where does spinal cord end?

A

L1-L2

117
Q

How many spinal nerves?

A

31, 8 cervical

118
Q

Terminal end of spinal cord called?

A

Conus medullaris

119
Q

Fibrous band connecting conus medullaris to sacrum

A

Filum Terminale

120
Q

Nerve root at inferior spinal cord?

A

Cauda equina

121
Q

Filum terminale is an extension of what?

A

Pia mater

122
Q

Meninges order superficial to deep

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

123
Q

Where can CSF be found?

A

Subarachnoid space

124
Q

Spinal cord anchor

A

Denticulate ligament

125
Q

Space surrounding spinal cord, superficial to deep

A

Epidural space
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater

126
Q

Frequent site of pain in cervical vertebrae

A

Uncovertebral joints of C3-C7

127
Q

Part of intervertebral disc not the center

A

Anulus fibrosus

128
Q

What is the only bony connection between the upper limb and body?

A

sternoclavicular joint

129
Q

What is the brachium?

A

upper arm

130
Q

What is the antebrachium?

A

Forearm

131
Q

What is the most common cause of clavicular fractures?

A

FOOSH injuries or blow to the shoulder

132
Q

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

synovial

133
Q

What is between the mammary gland and deep fascia that allows gland to slide over the muscle?

A

Retromammary space

134
Q

Location of suspensory ligaments?

A

in the breast

135
Q

Where is breast milk stored?

A

Lactiferous sinuses

136
Q

What vessels supply the breast (also mirrored veins)?

A

internal thoracic artery, lateral thoracic artery, and intercostal arteries

137
Q

What innervates the breast?

A

intercostal nerves 2-6

138
Q

Where does majority of lymph from breast drain? Other portion?

A

Axillary tail to axillary node, the other portion goes to the other breast –> very important for cancer metastases

139
Q

What nerves innervate pectoralis major?

A

Lateral and medial pectoral nerves

140
Q

What vessels supply pectorals major?

A

thoracoacromial artery, lateral thoracic artery

141
Q

With damage to the lateral pectoral nerve, what signs will a patient experience?

A

Weak adduction, rotation, and flexion of arm

142
Q

What innervates pectorals minor?

A

medial pectoral nerve

143
Q

What vessels supply pectoralis minor?

A

Thoracoacromial artery

144
Q

What signs will a patient experience if the medial pectoral nerve is damaged?

A

Weak protraction and rotation of scapula, rib elevation

145
Q

What is an adverse effect of metabolic steroids?

A

tendon damage

146
Q

What structures form the border of the axilla?

A

Pectoralis major and minor (anterior)
Subscapularis, teres major, latissimus doors (posterior)
serratus anterior (medial)

147
Q

Anterior compartment arteries from proximal to distal?

A

Subclavian
Axillary
Brachial
Radial (lateral) / Ulnar (medial)
Superficial and Deep Palmar Arches

148
Q

Posterior compartment arteries from proximal to distal?

A

Subclavian (scapula)
Axillary (scapula)
Profunda brachii
Posterior interosseous
Anterior interesses

149
Q

Alternate mode of circulation around a joint is called?

A

Collateral circulation

150
Q

What is the term used when blood vessels join?

A

Anastomosis

151
Q

What artery runs along the medial border of the scapula?

A

dorsal scapular artery

152
Q

What muscles do the dorsal scapular artery supply?

A

Levator scapulae and rhomboideus muscles

153
Q

What are the branches of the axillary artery?

A

Superior thoracic artery
Branches from Thoracoacromial artery
- pectoral
- acromial
- deltoid
- subclavicular
Lateral thoracic artery
Subscapular artery
- Circumflex scapular
- Thoracodorsal
Anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries

154
Q

Around what landmark do the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries run?

A

Surgical neck of the humerus

155
Q

What vessel supplies the serratus anterior?

A

Lateral thoracic artery

156
Q

What innervates the serrates anterior?

A

Long thoracic nerve

157
Q

What vessel supplies the subscapularis?

A

Subscapular artery

158
Q

What innervates the subscapularis?

A

upper and lower subscapular nerves

159
Q

What vessel supplies the supraspinatus?

A

Suprascapular artery

160
Q

What vessel supplies the supraspinatus?

A

Suprascapular artery

161
Q

What vessel supplies the infraspinatus?

A

Suprascapular artery

162
Q

What innervates the infraspinatus?

A

Suprascapular nerve

163
Q

What vessel supplies the teres minor?

A

Posterior circumflex humeral artery and scapular circumflex artery

164
Q

What vessel supplies the teres major?

A

Subscapular artery
Scapular circumflex artery

165
Q

What innervates teres minor?

A

Axillary nerve

166
Q

What innervates teres major?

A

Lower subscapular nerve

167
Q

What vessel supplies deltoideus?

A

Anterior and posterior circumflex humeral artery

168
Q

What innervates the deltoideus?

A

Axillary nerve

169
Q

Term for when veins and arteries are pair together?

A

venae comitantes

170
Q

Which set of veins run deep in the arm?

A

Subclavian
Axillary
Brachial
Radial
Ulnar

171
Q

Superficial arm veins?

A

Basilic (medial)
Cephalic (lateral)
Median cubital (between the two near elbow)

172
Q

What vein is most common site of venipuncture?

A

Median cubital vein

173
Q

What layer of skin do the superficial veins run above?

A

Deep investing fascia, they can be seen in the skin

174
Q

Areas innervated by a single spinal nerve are called?

A

Dermatomes (skin) or myotomes (muscle)

175
Q

What types of nerves occupy the dorsal root?

A

Somatic afferent

176
Q

What types of nerves occupy the ventral root?

A

Somatic efferent

177
Q

What types of nerves occupy the dorsal rami?

A

Somatic efferent and afferent

178
Q

What types of nerves occupy the ventral rami?

A

somatic efferent and afferent

179
Q

Which spinal nerves form the brachial plexus

A

C5-C8, T1

180
Q

Which terminal nerves of the brachial plexus innervate the anterior part of the limb?

A

Median
Musculocutaneous
Ulnar

181
Q

Which terminal nerves of the brachial plexus innervate the posterior part of the limb?

A

Axillary
Radial

182
Q

How is a plexus formed? What is the purpose?

A

Fusing, bifurcation, and rejoining of spinal nerves in a region.
The purpose is for redundancy and continued function even through potential injury.

183
Q

What artery Is associated with the brachial plexus cords?

A

Axillary

184
Q

How many cords are in the brachial plexus and what are they named?

A

3 - medial, lateral, and posterior

185
Q

The muscuolocutaneous nerve is composed of which spinal nerves?

A

C5-C7

186
Q

The radial nerve is composed of which spinal nerves?

A

C5-C8, T1

187
Q

The median nerve is composed of which spinal nerves?

A

C6-C8, T1

188
Q

The ulnar nerve is composed of which spinal nerves?

A

C8, T1

189
Q

The axillary nerve is composed of which spinal nerves?

A

C5, C6

190
Q

Real
Teachers
Drink
Cold
Beer

A

Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
Branches

191
Q

The brachial plexus roots emerge between which two muscles?

A

Anterior and middle scalene muscles

192
Q

What are the name of the brachial plexus trunks and which spinal nerves do they contain?

A

Superior (C5, C6)
Medial (C7)
Inferior (C8, T1)

193
Q

Where do the brachial plexus roots lie in relation to other structures?

A

Superior to clavicle

194
Q

What are the names of the brachial plexus divisions?

A

Anterior
Posterior

195
Q

Where are the brachial plexus divisions located in relation to other structures?

A

Posterior to the clavicle

196
Q

Which terminal nerves arise from the medial cord?

A

Ulnar nerve
part of Median nerve

197
Q

Which terminal nerves arise from the lateral cord?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve
part of Median nerve

198
Q

Which terminal nerves arise from the posterior cord?

A

Radial nerve
Axillary nerve

199
Q

What spinal nerve composes the dorsal scapular nerve and what does it innervate?

A

C5
Levator scapulae and rhomboideus minor and major

200
Q

What spinal nerve composes the long thoracic nerve and what does it innervate?

A

C5, C6, C7
Serratus anterior

201
Q

What branches arise from the superior trunk?

A

Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6)
Nerve to the subclavius (C5, C6)

202
Q

Medial cord branches?

A

Medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1)

203
Q

Lateral cord branches?

A

Lateral pectoral nerve (C5, C6, C7)
Medial cutaneous nerve of the arm (sensation)
Medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm (sensation)

204
Q

Posterior cord branches?

A

Upper subscapular nerve (C5, C6)
Thoracodorsal nerve (C5, C6, C7)
Lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6)

PA Anatomy (2 decks)

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