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MM > Block 1 > Flashcards

Block 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Schleiden and Schwann

A

cell theory: all living things are made of cells and cell products

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1
Q

Hooke

A

cells remnants in cork

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2
Q

Virchow

A

cell pathology as the basis of disease

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3
Q

Dutrochet

A

staining samples for light microscope

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4
Q

sectioning

4 steps

A

fix (remove water)
embed in rigid agent (LM paraffin, EM plastic) and slice
get embedding out
mount

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5
Q

condenser

A

focuses light on specimen.

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6
Q

objective and eye piece

A

focus light on eye

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7
Q

bright field

A

best with stains, bad resolution, no living samples

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8
Q

phase contrast

A

no staining, but no thick objects

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9
Q

dark field

A

see borders of tiny structures, low light means hard to see

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10
Q

fluorescence

A

mark with antibodies. can tag specific structures, before and afters. Expensive, must excite specific wavelength

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11
Q

EM

A

cellular details, very expensive. focuses ray of electrons

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12
Q

resolution

A

r=.61(lambda)/n sin theta

higher index of refraction=lower r= higher resolution

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13
Q

glycosylation

A

nonvertebrates keep mannose tree. verts trim and add terminal sialic acid.

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14
Q

ganglioside

A

lipid + sugar

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15
Q

Eukaryote Transcription

in 3 steps

A
  1. TFs bind at TATA, recruit RNA poly II.
  2. RNA poly II is phosphorylated, TFs fall off, transcription begins
  3. New RNA formed 5-3 w/energy from XTP
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16
Q

Post-transcription Processing

A

5’ cap (modified G), 3’ AAA tail

Introns spliced out (exons expressed) in loops by spliceosomes

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17
Q

Chromatin activity

A

hetero is inactive, encased by methylated histones

eu is active (acetylation=active)

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18
Q

Methylation at CpG islands

A

turns off gene RNA processing

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19
Q

3 transcription regulations

A
  1. activators (can be way upstream)
  2. metabolic product + or - feedback
  3. RNAi: 3’UTR bound by microDNA is destroyed
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20
Q

start codon

A

AUG

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21
Q

AAs associated with shape

A

glycine: small R good for turns
cystine: makes disulfide bonds (**not in reducing cytoplasm)
proline: makes kinks (ring interrupts H bonds)

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22
Q

membrane protein shape in cell and mito membranes

A

cell: alpha helices
mito: beta sheets

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23
Q

rossman folds

A 
6 parallel beta strands & 2 pair alpha helices
bind nucleotides (NAD)
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24
Q

4-alpha helices

A

signalling molecules

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25
Q

scramblase v. flippase.

A

scramblase keeps both sides even

flippase moves particular proteins

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26
Q

Clathrin

A

plasma membrane to early endosomes
trans golgi to late endo or lysosome

binds via adaptin, pinches via dynamin
dissociates after vesicle is free.

also mediates pinocytosis

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27
Q

COPI

A

golgi to ER

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28
Q

COPII

A

ER to cis-golgi and within golgi

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29
Q

ARF

A

regulates COPI and clathrin

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30
Q

SAR1

A

regulates COPII

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31
Q

V-snares and Rab

A

Rab binds target for fusion, pulls close enough for V to get T and fuse vesicle to target.

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32
Q

Secretory Exocytotic Pathways

A

need signal. constituitive do not.

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33
Q

nernst equation

A

E=61.5log[ion]out/[ion]in

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34
Q

Flux

A

Flux = permeability * area * driving force

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35
Q

Ohmic Conductance

A

linear relationship between Vmax and current

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36
Q

rectifying conductance

A

nonlinear relation between vmx and current, because channels speed up at different potentials

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37
Q

saturating ion channels

A

like catalysts, ion channels are saturable and have a vmax when fully loaded

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38
Q

G-protein coupled receptors

A

activated by fresh GTP, breaks down into subunits. alpha makes cAMP second messenger from ATP, cAMP activated kinase pathway to alter gene downstream.

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39
Q

Kinase Receptors

A

Dimerize, phosphorylate, signaling casscade

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40
Q

RAS pathway

A

Dimer –> Ras –> MAP kinase pathway (MKKK-MKK-MK)

leads to cell survival and proliferation, constituitively on in some cancers

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41
Q

JAK-STAT

A

JAK attach to dimers (tk) which phos eachother then STAT proteins which dimerize and go to the nucleus

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42
Q

serine-threonine dimers

A

like JAK-STAT, but with SMAD (share a receptor)

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43
Q

First Nuclear Localization Signal

A

PKKKRKV

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44
Q

Lysosome mailing address

A

mannose-6-phosphate

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45
Q

ApoB48

A

protein on chylomicrons and remnants.

46
Q

ApoB100

A

protein on VLDL and LDL

47
Q

ApoA1

A

Protein on HDL

48
Q

amylase

A

begin sugar digestion in mouth and duodenum

49
Q

SGLT1

A

Na/gluc/gal cotransport, mucosal side of endothelium

50
Q

GLUT5

A

fructose transport, serosal side

51
Q

GLUT2

A

gal/glu/fru transport

52
Q

glycogenin

A

primer molecule that UDP glucs link to to form glycogen

53
Q

transferase

A

branches glycogen. block of 7 is moved if chain is 11 long. branches at least 4 apart.

54
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

lactate, AAs and glycogen converted to glucose for brain and RBCs. Glucagon simulates, insulin inhibits.

55
Q

phosphodiester linkages

A

5’ OH group of one pentose and 3’ of other (DNA/RNA)

56
Q

Allopurinol

A

gout drug, blocks uric acid by competitive inhibition of xanthine oxidase (looks like hypoxanthine)

57
Q

Rasburicase

A

analog of urate oxidase, coverts uric acid to allantoin (soluble, excretable)

58
Q

Complex II

A

Mito protein complex that has only nuclear proteins.

59
Q

Number of proteins mito genes code

A

13

60
Q

MFs

A

cell contraction, sarcomeres, actin, ATP Mg as cofactor.

61
Q

Profilin, Thymosin

A

Keep g-actin in solution (MFs) prevent spontaneous dimerization

62
Q

Myosin

A

MF motor molecule. Moves toward + end

63
Q

MTs

A

cilia, flagella. tubulin heterodimer, 13 protofilaments .

64
Q

TIP proteins (EB1)

A

found at the end of growing MTs. bind Rho GTPase capture complexes to anchor MT

65
Q

Dynein and Kinesin

A

MT motor molecules. Kinesin (+) kicks cargo out (ER collapse w/out), DYnein (-) drags deliveries in (Golgi collapse w/out)

D1=drags, D2=cilia. Dynactin activated.

66
Q

Axoneme

A

in flagella and cilia, 9 doublets with dynein arms connects by nexin w/ 2 central MTs (9+2)

67
Q

IFs

A

Junctions, lamina, structure. Keratins in epithelia, Vimentin in connective tissue and muscle(desmin), glia (GFAP), neurofilaments in neurons, lamins in nucleus.

Get stronger with deforming force

68
Q

Plakins

A

crossbridge IFs to MTs and actin.

69
Q

All cytoskeleton bonds are

A

Noncovalent. XTPs are cofactors, not for energy (hydrolysis)

70
Q

Taxol, Vincristine, Vinblastine

A

MT inhibitors (cancer treatment)

71
Q

Lis1

A

a protein that associates with dynein recruitment to the nucleus and is mutated in lissencephaly. Doubles motor capacity of single dynein molecule.

72
Q

Most GAGs

A

sulfated, carboxylated, covalently bound to core protein. assembled in golgi.

73
Q

Hyaluronan

A

the weird GAG. Just carboxylated, not covalently bound to core protein, gigantic, assemble at cell surface.

74
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Core protein + GAG. Protein synthed in rougb ER, bound to GAG via tetrasacharride link in golgi. function as filters and regulate signal molecules.

75
Q

Decorin

A

short core protein + 1 GAG

76
Q

Aggrecan

A

Long core protein + thousands of GAGs

multimolecular aggregates: Aggrecan + Hyaluronan

77
Q

Actin filament junctions

A

cell-cell: adherens junctions

cell-matrix: focal adhesions.

78
Q

IF junctions

A

cell-cell: desmosomes

cell-matrix: hemidesmosomes

79
Q

Three layers of Basal Lamina

A

Laminin: cross shape, top arm binds integrin, long binds nido/perl
Nidogen & perlecan: links Lam to collagen. Perle is GAG
Type IV collagen: matrix, high tensile strength

80
Q

integrins

A

bind extracellular ligands, Arg-Gly-Arg.
Anchored to actin filaments via talin.
Two way signalling.
endothelial integrins bind ICAMs and VCAMs on leukocyte.

81
Q

3 tight junction proteins

A

Claudin: small transmembrane p, selectivity
Occludin: Large, copolymerizes with Claudin to form a seal
ZO proteins: cytoplasmic, link occludin to actin cytoskeleton.

82
Q

Cadherins

A

mediate cell-cell interactions. swap domains with each other.

83
Q

Adhesion junction cadherins

A

E- or N-cadherin (epithelial or neuronal)

Actin fiber associated, connects to cytoskeleton by alpha and beta cadherins and vinvulin

84
Q

Desmosome caherins

A

Desmoglein and desmocollin, associated with IFs, connects to skeleton with plaque proteins.

autoantibodies can cause pemphigus vulgaris.

85
Q

beta catenin

A

in adhesion junctions, but also can bind w/cofactor LEF to turn on genes in development.

86
Q

APC

A

protein that downgrades beta-catenin when it is working as a TF. Defects can cause colon cancer.

87
Q

number of proteins can make from AAs

A

20^n

88
Q

-35 TTGACA

A

prokaryote promoter site.

89
Q

RANGTP

A

cause nuclear importers to release cargo, exporters to pick up

90
Q

Positive in Nerst

A

means expelled from cells.

91
Q

rate of diffussion

A

1/sqrt(mass)

92
Q

substrate reduction therapy for LSD

A

not diet. Medication.

93
Q

actyl-CoA carboxylase

A

makes malonyl CoA, first step in FA synthesis

94
Q

cholesterol scavenger receptors cause

A

abnormal microphage growth, increase risk of embolism.

95
Q

alpha-keto buildup

A

MSUD

96
Q

orotic acid level high

A

OTC deficiency (usually high blood ammonia)

97
Q

two mito diseases caused by nuclear DNA

A

Charcot-Marie-Tooth and Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy

98
Q

rho GTPases

A

regulated MT and MF

99
Q

lamellipodia

A

little feet formed by actin via ARP2/3. Not motor molecules.

100
Q

compressive strength of cells

A

comes from GAGs, not basal lamina

101
Q

Worse CF mutation

A

deltaF508

102
Q

better CF mutation

A

R334W

103
Q

AD diseases

A 
hereditary spherocytosis
epidermolysis bullosa
familial cholesterolemia
charcot-marie- tooth
autosomal dominant optical atrophy
104
Q

XLR

A

Wiskcott-Aldrich
MPSII Hunter
Lesch-Nylan
*Severe Combined Immune Deficiency

105
Q

Maternal Inheritance

heteroplasmy matters

A

Kearn-Sayre,
neuropathy ataxia retina pigmentosa
maternally inherited Leigh Syndrome

106
Q

carnitine transports

A

acyl coA into mitochondria

107
Q

Hydrophobic AAs

FIL MY VW

A

phenylalanine isoleucine leucine

methionine tyrosine

valine tryptophan

108
Q

Polar AAs

HK RED

A

histidine lysine

argenine glutamate asparate

109
Q

normal AAs

PG CATS

A

proline glycine

cysteine alanine threonine serine

110
Q

amide AAs

GN

A

glutamine asparagine

111
Q

Krebs

CAIKSSFMO

A 
citric acid
isoancoitase
isocitrate
alpha keto glutartate
succinyl CoA
succinate
fumarate
malate
oxaloacetate
112
Q

broken step in Urea Cycle

A

orthine to citruline

OTC=orthine transcarbolase deficiency

MM (3 decks)

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