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Y4 FA - GIT and nutrition > Bloat and Traumatic Reticulitis 1 + 2 > Flashcards

Bloat and Traumatic Reticulitis 1 + 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define ruminal tympany (bloat)

A

“Accumulation of rumen gas sufficient to change contour of rumen”
Visible distension

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2
Q

Describe the two types of ruminal tympany/bloat

A
  1. Free gas bloat – less common – obstruction or animal unable to burp!
  2. Frothy bloat – more common, stable foam produced on top of the rumen liquid which blocks the release of the gas
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3
Q

Describe the clinical signs of ruminal tympany

A
  • Distended L.abdomen. As distension continues whole abdomen can become distended.
  • Often painful: reluctant to move and eat, appear distressed, vocalisation
  • Respiratory distress
  • Death can occur quickly, especially once an animal is recumbent
  • Can affect either 1 or 2 individuals or lots (more affected with frothy bloat)
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4
Q

How does a free gas bloat occur?

A

Loss of gas prevented i.e. obstruction of the oesophagus
- Foreign Body e.g. potatoes
- 2° to chronic pneumonia – mediastinal abscesses

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5
Q

List the conditions that free gas bloat could occur secondarily to

A

Conditions which interfere with rumenoreticular motility (wire, vagal indigestion, milk fever, tetanus)

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6
Q

Frothy bloat occurs most commonly in which animals?

A

Animals on pasture containing alfalfa, lucerne or clover – rapidly digested in the rumen and form fine particles that trap gas bubbles
Or can see in animals fed high levels of finely ground grain

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7
Q

How is ruminal tympany diagnosed?

A

History – especially feeding history!
Clinical Signs!

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8
Q

How can you treat a free gas bloat?

A
  • Pass a stomach tube
  • Trochar - in an emergency (sharp, pointed surgical instrument)
  • ‘red devil’: screw/pin like instrument
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9
Q

What are the clinical signs of oesophageal obstruction in cattle?

A
  • Inability to swallow.
  • Regurgitation of feed and H2O
  • Drooling.
  • Bloat.
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10
Q

Describe the aetiology of an intraluminal oesophageal obstruction

A

Potatoes / Turnips – make sure to cut up before feeding
Placenta – where they’ve eaten it
- Reduce competition, increased feed barrier space

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11
Q

Describe the aetiology of an extraluminal oesophageal obstruction

A

Pressure by surrounding organs
- Mediastinal abscesses.
- Tuberculous Lymph Nodes

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12
Q

How can an oesophageal obstruction be treated?

A
  • Conservative approach: many self-resolve
  • Starve and observe, sedate, Buscopan (muscle relaxant), flunixin
  • Manual removal: gag and pass hand to back of pharynx while assistant pushes FB up.
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13
Q

How can a free gas bloat due to oesophageal obstruction be treated as a last resort if other methods are unsuccessful?

A
  1. Trocharise rumen to relieve bloat
  2. Feed via rumen
  3. Wait till obstruction passes
  4. Warn owner of possible oesophageal damage/necrosis
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14
Q

How can a frothy bloat be treated?

A
  • Pass stomach tube
  • Trochar
  • Won’t Work Alone – need to dose with surfactant then exercise
  • If emergency: 4-6” incision – L sub-lumbar fossa
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15
Q

How can ruminal tympany be prevented?

A
  • Avoid high risk pastures at high risk times i.e. soon after turn out, when wet
  • Buffer feed
  • Restrict access – strip graze
  • Administer antifoaming agents – spray grass
  • Remove animals with recurrent bloat
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16
Q

Describe the clinical signs of traumatic reticulitis

A
  • Sudden MILK DROP e.g.- 20l to 5l
  • Hunched up appearance
  • Stiff gait
  • Inappetent
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17
Q

Cows with traumatic reticulitis are often fed what kind of diet?

A

Total mixed ration

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18
Q

Where does the reticulum lie in the cow?

A

On the LHS, opposite the 6-8th rib

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19
Q

Describe the rumen contraction timings

A

3 rumen/reticular contractions in 2 minutes = normal

20
Q

Describe the features of primary rumen contractions

A
  • Biphasic.
  • Mixing cycle.
  • Contraction of reticulum
  • Then contraction of rumen
21
Q

Describe the features of secondary rumen contractions

A
  • Rumen contraction
  • Starts in caudal rumen
  • Pushes gas to cardia
  • ERUCTATION
22
Q

What is the ratio of primary and secondary rumen contractions?

A

2 primary to 1 secondary
Regurgitation
Start again

23
Q

How can traumatic reticulitis be diagnosed

A
  • Eric williams test
  • Withers pinch
  • Pole test
  • Look at faeces: individual cow with stiff faeces
  • WBC count? non-specific
  • Exploratory rumenotomy
  • Metal detector
24
Q

What is the Eric williams test?

A

Listen over trachea
Feel rumen contractions in L flank

25
Q

What is the purpose of the withers pinch and pole test?

A

Detect abdominal pain

26
Q

Describe how to carry out the Eric Williams test over the primary and secondary cycle

A

1° cycle:
- Place right hand in left sub lumbar fossa
- Stethoscope over trachea
- Feel contraction
- No eructation
2° cycle.
- Feel the contraction
- Observe the eructation

27
Q

What are the 3 different scenarios seen on the Eric Williams test if a cow has traumatic reticulitis?

A

There is pain on reticular contraction:
3 scenarios:
- 1. Reduction in 1° cycles
- 2. Grunt immediately prior to 1° .
- 3. Breath holding prior to 1° .

28
Q

List some causes of traumatic reticulitis

A
  • Tyres
  • Sheep netting
  • Nails
  • Old fencing wire
29
Q

Describe the clinical signs of traumatic reticulitis

A

Sudden onset – drop in yield
Increased temp 39.50
Reduced rumen contractions.
Hunched up - Adducted elbows
Inappetant, dull, depressed.

30
Q

How would a WBC count change if a cow had traumatic reticulitis?

A

Neutrophillia & left shift.
More neutrophils than lymphocytes

31
Q

What are the consequences if a cow swallows a wire but it doesn’t penetrate?

A

No effect

32
Q

What are the consequences if a cow swallows a wire and it penetrates?

A

Local reticulo-peritonitis
- Ventral/lateral: better prognosis
- Medial: Damage to vagus, abscess in medial wall, no pain receptors
- Pericarditis
- Generalised peritonitis

33
Q

How does traumatic pericarditis present?

A

Pulse and temp – raised
Very ill – “toxic”
Heart sounds
- Initially: pericardial rub
- Later: very quiet /absent
- Later: “washing machine sounds”
Hear failure develops

34
Q

What are the signs that heart failure has developed with traumatic pericarditis?

A

Distended jugular V.
Visible jugular pulse
Sub-mandibular oedema
Hopeless prognosis

35
Q

Describe how to carry out an exploratory rumenotomy procedure

A
  • Left sub lumbar fossa: Incise - Not too high or low.
  • Palpate abdomen
  • Exteriorise cranial portion of rumen
  • 2 bone pins act as anchors.
  • Sterile towels as a seal around rumen.
  • Incise rumen.
  • Hand forward.
  • Locate reticulum.
  • Search for FB: often ventral
  • Close rumen: Cushing or Lembert
36
Q

Describe the aftercare needed for a cow that has undergone an exploratory rumenotomy procedure

A

Antibiotics
NSAIDS
Return to milk yield
Magnets for others
Stop using tyres

37
Q

Vagus indigestion occurs as a complication of?

A

Traumatic reticuloperitonitis

38
Q

What is vagus nerve indigestion?

A

Vagus nerve injury and dysfunction
- Penetration in medial wall of reticulum

39
Q

An enlarged rumen +/- bloat leads to what kind of vagus nerve injury?

A

Dorsal vagus nerve injury

40
Q

Abomasal impaction leads to what kind of vagus nerve injury?

A

Damage to the pyloric branch of ventral vagal nerve.

41
Q

What is the most important cause of vagal nerve damage in traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

A

Reticular adhesions

42
Q

Describe the history of an animal with vagal indigestion

A

Traumatic reticulitis.
- Several weeks to months earlier.
- Often undiagnosed

43
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of vagal indigestion

A

Disturbance in rumen outflow

Disturbance in pylorus outflow
- Rumenal distension
- Pasty / frothy contents

Alteration in reticulo rumen motility.
- Hypermotile OR Hypomotile
- Ratio of primary: secondary contractions upset “chaotic”

44
Q

What are the clinical signs/findings of vagal indigestion

A
  • Chronic: inappetence / loss of BCS.
  • “10 to 4” appearance: upper left and lower right quadrants stick out
  • Hypo/hyper motile
  • Dehydration.
  • Enlarged rumen.
  • Scant faeces.
  • Undigested material
  • Inadequate response to tx.
  • Distended abomasum in lower right quadrant
45
Q

List the DDx of vagal indigestion

A
  • Chronic traumatic reticulitis.
  • Abomasal impaction / dietary in origin.
  • Omasal impaction.
  • Abomasal ulceration.
46
Q

How is vagal indigestion treated?

A

Prognosis is poor - slaughter
Rumen lavage.
Fluid therapy and laxatives.
Rumenotomy / Red Devil

Y4 FA - GIT and nutrition (11 decks)

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