bleh bleh bleh Flashcards
0
Q
What were the side effects of putting the crystals right on the tongue?
A
Terrible pain, fingers twitching with every heartbeat, falling to the ground semiconscious
1
Q
What diluted the crystals?
A
Dissolved in alcohol and diluted in water
2
Q
How were the lives of the four testers saved?
A
He caused them to vomit by giving them vinegar (acetate aromatic)
3
Q
What had this person extracted for the first time in history?
A
The essence of opium
4
Q
What was the disease of biblical proportions?
A
The small pox virus.
5
Q
What is the video about?
A
The men who abolished pain.
6
Q
What does the commentator push through his hand?
A
A needle
7
Q
What was the prime ingredient for centuries to relieve pain?
A
Opium
8
Q
What did the Sumerians call opium plants?
A
The “joy plant”
9
Q
In the beginning of the 19th century, what was opium marketed as when dissolved in alcohol?
A
Liquid Laudanum
10
Q
How long was the process experimented with until the way to extract was refined?
A
2 years
11
Q
What class of drug is morphium?
A
Class A drug
12
Q
Opium resins come from the sap of what plant?
A
The sap of the poppy.
13
Q
What was the standard solvent of the time?
A
Alcohol
14
Q
Who was it said that laudanum was good for?
A
Squawking/crying babies
15
Q
Was the first substance extracted acidic or alkaline and that was tried on for no effect?
A
Acidic
16
Q
Zentner did what no one else had done. What was it?
A
He extracted an alkaline.
17
Q
What date did Zentner get his sludgy alkaline precipitate?
A
1803
18
Q
What happened when these crystals were given to a dog?
A
It became sleepy/lethargic
19
Q
What was the name of the chemicals they wee now getting out of plants?
A
The alkaloids
20
Q
What was the single most important event in drug history?
A
The isolation of morphine
21
Q
Why are many herbal remedies effective?
A
Alkaloids are the reason many herbal remedies are effective.
22
Q
What was the commentators favourite drug of abuse?
A
Caffeine
23
Q
How does codeine work?
A
By modulating the way the brain deceives pain
24
What are the side effects of opiates?
Constipation, addiction, vomiting and depressing breathing towards death
25
What was the South American plant another pain reducing drug was produced from its leaves?
The cocoa plant
26
What was cocaine added to and promoted by the pope?
Wine
27
What was Dr Kola's main profession?
An eye surgeon (ophthalmologist)
28
How did they test the use of cocaine in eye surgery?
He first tested it on a dog and a frog and they seemed to be fine. So Kola then dissolved it in water and dropped it onto his eye. He tried to then stick a needle into his eye to test the pain.
29
What does anaesthetic mean?
Anaesthetic means "without sensation".
30
What was the eye surgeon's nickname?
Koca Kola
31
Before this time, what was thought to be good for you during surgery?
Pain was thought to be good for you.
32
What profession changed this by a chance discovery?
Dentistry
33
How were the new gases tested?
They tested it on themselves
34
What was the name of the gas the dentist Humphrey Davey discovered/created?
Nitrous Oxide (a.k.a laughing gas)
35
What was the advantage of breathing in this gas?
The advantage was pain relief
36
Where was the gas (nitrous oxide) mostly used?
During "laughing gas" parties.
37
In what year was a demonstration made using the gas in Boston?
In the year of 1845
38
What was the 'ridicule of deadly insult' that was given to the dentist and his partner?
Humbug; A person or object that behaves in a deceptive or dishonest way, often as a hoax or in jest.
39
What was the next substance tested?
Sweet oil of vitriol. The gas released from this test was ether.
40
What did the first patient operated on under ether say he felt?
He felt no more than a mere scratch.
41
At the time, how long did it take the news of ether to spread around the world?
It took within a time span of six months for the news to spread.
42
What was the next key substance investigated? Hint: black liquid.
Coal tar
43
A series of what started the next step in chemistry of drugs?
A series of mistakes.
44
When attempting to make quinine from coal tar, what was made?
Mauve dye
45
What was coal tar extracts being used for?
Internal wounds
46
What is the substance used for today?
Moth balls
47
After eating the substance, what was the effect?
Fever went down.
48
What was the mistake?
Was not naphthalene.
49
Acetylsalicylic acid is used now for what?
Used now to burn off warts
50
What were the two drugs the Bayer company investigated?
Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) and diamorphine (heroin).
51
What drug was rejected because it was believed to be dangerous?
Aspirin, which was believed to be more dangerous than heroin.
52
What report came back from the dentist who used morphine?
The toothache eased and it gave pain relief.
53
What did aspirin become?
One of the world's most successful drugs.
54
How many aspirin tablets are eaten every year?
Forty-billion (40,000,000,000)
55
What plant was used to test the effects of aspirin by the commentator?
Stinging nettles
56
What is the prime cause of headache and muscle ache?
Inflammation
57
What was the next new phase of drug creation?
The creation of synthetic drugs.
58
When had the hyperaemic needle been invented?
In the 1840's
59
What was the name of the next chemical tested for anaesthesia by injection into the blood?
Chloral hydrate
60
What was the pill that came from chloral hydrate?
The sleeping pill or sedative drug
61
What was the name of the bar owner who added this drug to drinks?
Mickey Finn
62
What chemical was the successor to Chloral Hydrate?
Sodium thiopental
63
What group does this drug (sodium thiopental) come from?
Barbiturates
64
What famous actress died because of a barbiturate overdose?
Marilyn Monroe
65
What did the commentator try to present his job was?
Dr Michael Mosley, the famous heart surgeon
66
What was the pain test?
Crunching knuckles onto the chest.
67
Was the commentator able to lie or remember what he said?
No. He forgot all of what he said, nor could he lie.
68
What are pharmaceutical chemists focused on now?
New painkillers
69
How do they do?
Take simple molecules and build them up to complex ones
70
What people did they investigate to help this?
Those that could not feel pain.
71
After all these developments, what is the drug still used for extreme pain found 200 years ago?
Morphine
72
What is the following episode (episode 2) about?
The stories of those who developed the drugs that cure
73
14th Dec 1799 who was dying of infection and quackery?
George Washington
74
What did George Washington die of?
Blood loss
75
In the past many people died of what?
Implement infection
76
More soldiers in World War One died of this...
Wound infections.
77
What are the serial killers?
Disease
78
How much of Europe's population was killed by the Black Death?
One quarter to a third of Europe's population.
79
Which disease is a slow but deadly killer?
Tuberculosis
80
What changed things
Germ theory
81
What started this process?
The vineyards of France
82
Who found a solution to the wine issue?
Louis Pasteur
83
What was the temperature the wine had to reach to kill
| the microbes and not spoil the wine
55 degrees Celsius
84
What was this technique called
Pasteurisation
85
What expensive present did the German medical
| person (Robert Koch) get from his wife
A microscope
86
What disease did the sheep have
Anthrax
87
What animal did the German test his collected anthrax
| on
A mouse
88
What was miasma theory replaced with
Germ theory
89
What bacteria enter an organism and multiply rapidly?
| what do they produce?
Produce toxins and gases
90
Although identified, what was yet available for these
| infectious microbe based diseases?
They knew what they were but not how to cure them
91
What was used to treat syphilis
Mercury
92
What was Ehrlick’s favourite dye
Methylene blue
93
What was methanol blue used for
Stain the bacteria
94
What was Ehrlich trying to create, a name from German folklore
Magic bullet
95
What did the mercury used for treatment of syphilis do to the patient?
It made hair and teeth fall out, before destroying the entire immune system
96
What animal was infected with syphilis to test arsenic compounds by Ehrlich’s Japanese assistant?
Rabbits
97
What was the arsenic compound that proved successful ?
Compound Salvarsan #606
98
How did doctors, that is nurses, treat infected wounds
Drain the pus, and then clean area of pus
99
How many never came out alive from a septic ward
50%
100
What was discovered to change this in 1928?
Penicillin
101
What did the bacteria do due to the penicillin?
Unable to divide, resulting in it bursting open
102
When did the researches in Oxford look at penicillin
1938
103
What did more soldiers die of than direct hits from enemy fire
Wound infection
104
What was the name of the abrasive Australian doctor who developed practical use of penicillin
Dr Howard Florey
105
What were early problems with developing penicillin
Proving hard to grow and purify
106
What species was the first testing subjects for penicillin
Mice
107
What was the lucky omen during testing
Putting pants on backwards
108
What instrument was used to grow the penicillin in
Bed pans
109
Who was the human penicillin first testing on
Elva Akers
110
What was the percentage of impurities that was injected in to the first patient
97%
111
What was the cause of the next test subjects infection
Small scratch from a rose
112
What date was the policeman tested
February 11th 1941
113
What institute helps Florey once in America
Reckefeller
114
What does penicillin mould like
Corn syrup
115
What fruit was found to have a very strong strain of
| penicillin mould growing on it
Rockmelon
116
After nuclear weapons what was the highest priority of research in war time America
Penicillin
117
What was the company name that developed the technique for producing enough penicillin
Pfizer
118
Penicillin herald what age
The dawn of the antibiotic age
119
Antibiotics are useless against what
Viruses
120
100 years ago no one knew about what
no one knew that viruses actually existed
121
The invention of what helps us see viruses
Microscope
122
How much smaller are viruses than bacteria
100 times smaller
123
What are the most numerous biological entities on earth
Viruses
124
What is a master of disguise
Influenza virus
125
How does virus disguise itself
Constantly mutates
126
How many people did the Spanish flu virus kill between 1918 and 1920
Estimated 50 million
127
What does the polio virus attack
Nervous system
128
What virus has killed more than any other in grizzly manner
Smallpox
129
What race was 90% killed off by smallpox
Aztecs
130
How many people did the smallpox virus kill in the 20th century
Thirty million
131
What was the average death rate of smallpox infection
30%
132
Where did the answer for smallpox come from
A rural setting
133
Who was the first doctor involved in smallpox eradication
Edward Jenner
134
What is a mild form of smallpox
Cowpox
135
What unethical thing did Jenner do
He injected an eight year old boy (of whom he did not know) with cowpox, and then with smallpox.
136
What was this treatment of smallpox called and after what animal
Vaccination; After the French word for cow (vache)
137
How many years did the W.H.O. predict the eradication of smallpox would take in 1966
They predicted that it would take within 10 years to eradicate the small pox virus
138
How many votes did the amendment get passed by
Two votes
139
What was the reward in one country for dobbing in people with smallpox
200 shillings
140
In what year was the last known case of naturally occurring smallpox
October 1977
141
What should be done with the stored smallpox virus
Some people believe that it should be kept so that if it were to come back, we would be fully prepared. Others believe that it should be destroyed.
142
The catalyst of the eradication of smallpox lead to what
Potential massive immunisation
143
What has increased due to these discoveries
Average life expectancy
144
What was life expectancy during George Washington’s time
35 years
145
What is a threat of a type of from haemorrhagic virus
Ebola
146
What virus may evolve into something more lethal
Flu virus
147
What is the next program about
Turning poisons into effective medicines
148
What was the wealthy eccentric man doing in Yorkshire in 1835
Walking his donkey barefooted around his garden
149
This episode’s source of many drugs...
Poisons
150
What is turned into cures
Killers/poisons
151
What could the poison do that Warterton was interested in
Kill any animal
152
What was the key ingredient for the poison
A species of vine called Wourali
153
What was the poison derived from the vine
Curare
154
What large animal did they test their poison on
A donkey
155
How long did they have to revive the animal
Four hours
156
What was shown by the experiment
It doesn't affect the heart, only voluntary muscles are effected so the patient is able to breathe.
157
What did the donkey get when it finally died 20 years later
An arbitrary in the New York Times
