Blake_Physio_Exam 2 Review

Question 1

Bipolar LImb Leads

Answer 1

I (-) right arm, (+) left arm 0º

II (-) right arm, (+) left leg 60º

III (-) left arm, (+) left leg 120º

Question 2

Normally in the ventricles, current flows from _________________

Answer 2

negative to positive

base to apex

Question 3

abnormal sinus rhythms

Answer 3

tachycardia - endogenously vs pathologically mediated

Brady cardia - athletic heart, over-parasympathetic

Question 4

Heart signal blocks

Answer 4

sinoatrial block

atroventricular block: incomplete/complete

partial intraventricular block

Question 5

describe ventricular fibrillation and the effect of electroshock defibrillation:

Answer 5

basis: circus movements cause premature contractions

Question 6

Velocity of blood flow

Answer 6

V=F/A

Question 7

Rate of blood flow to each tissue of the body is almost always precisely controlled in relation to :

Answer 7

tissue need

Micro vessels monitor tissue needs: O2 or needs, CO2 or wastes

Question 8

cardiac output is controlled by:

Answer 8

sum of all local tissue flows

Question 9

Arterial pressure regulation is _____ of either local blood flow control or cardiac output controll

If arteriall pressure ____ ____ 100mmHg Nervous reflexes do the following 4 things:

Answer 9

independent

falls below

• increase force of heart pumping
• constrict large venous reservoirs
• constrict most arterioles throughout the body
• kidneys function over periods of days/weeks

Question 10

explain the interrelationships of pressure, flow, and resisstance:

Answer 10

F=DeltaP/R

• overall blood flow of an adult at rest:
  
  • =5000ml/min = cardiac output

Question 11

Laminar flow vs Turbulent Flow

Answer 11

Resistance:

R=8etal/πr⁴

Question 12

conductance

Answer 12

1/R

Question 13

poiseuille’s law

Answer 13

F=π*DeltaP*r⁴/8*eta*l

Question 14

Viscosity

Hematocrit of men and women

Viscosity of whole blood at normal

Viscosity of blood plasma

Answer 14

measure of resistance to flow\

men ~42 women ~38

normal viscosity ~3

plasma ~1.5

Question 15

vascular distensibility

Answer 15

DeltaV/DeltaP*V₀

Question 16

vascular compliance

Answer 16

DeltaV/DeltaP

Question 17

Relationship between distensibility and compliance

Answer 17

V*D=DeltaV/(DeltaP*V₀)

V*D*V₀=DeltaV/DeltaP=Compliance

Question 18

Capacitance is _____ proportional to volume and _______ proportional to pressure

Answer 18

directly; inversely

Question 19

Capacitance describes_______

Answer 19

how volume changes in response to pressure

Question 20

Capacitance: Veins vs Arteries

Answer 20

veins have much higher capacitance

Question 21

the greater the elastic tissue in a vessel:

Answer 21

the higher the elastance

the lower the compliance

Question 22

What are the two major factors that affect pulse pressure:

Answer 22

Stroke volume of heart

Compliance of arterial tree

Question 23

explain how the following cause abnormal contours of pulse-pressure wave:

• aortic valve stenosis
• atherosclerosis
• patent ductus arteriosus
• aortic regurgitation

Answer 23

• aortic valve stenosis - too narrow=> normal amplitude, long plataue at top of wave
• atherosclerosis - pulse pressure too high
• patent ductus arteriosus - high highs; low lows
• aortic regurgitation - high highs; low lows w/ no incisura