BL6 Antibiotics and AMR

Question 1

Mechanisms of resistance

Answer 1

Genetic transfer events (plasmids and conjugation), transformation, mutations.

Question 2

VRE

Answer 2

Promiscuous with their DNA, naturally competent and have many conjugative plasmids. Hard to clear, often resulting in complications and death.

Question 3

XDR tuberculosis

Answer 3

Latent phase results in carrier state that promotes transmission through the population, co-infection with HIV.

Question 4

Biological antibiotics

Answer 4

Streptomyces secrete molecules that inhibit the growth of other bacteria (streptomycin ,kanamycin)
Other bacteria secrete colicins or holins

Question 5

Classes of antibacterial compounds

Answer 5

Methicillins
Protein synthesis inhibitors
DNA?RNA inhibiting and altering
Peptides

Question 6

β-lactam antibiotics

Answer 6

(Amoxicillin) Block cell wall synthesis by inhibiting the transpeptide linkage to peptidoglycan resulting in a weakened cell wall.

Question 7

β-lactamases and clavulinic acid

Answer 7

Enzyme secrete by bacteria to cleave the β-lactate ring. BUT chemist use clavulinic acid to inhibit these enzymes - amoxyclav is a common antibiotic.

Question 8

Resistance mechanisms (4)

Answer 8

Don’t let the drug in
Pump out the drug
Inactivate the drug
Mutate the target

Question 9

Biofilms

Answer 9

Extracellular goo that protects the bacteria.

Question 10

Capsule

Answer 10

Forms a slimy, hydrophobic sticky covering to cells that is impermeable when they join in to a biofilm .

Question 11

Efflux pumps

Answer 11

Multicomponent channels located in the bacterial membrane that serve to expel the toxic compounds. Originally used to pump out heavy metals.