bits for your tits Flashcards
(24 cards)
level of spleen
ribs 8-11, left hypochondrium
ascites
accumulation of free fluid in the peritoneal cavity
conditions that may cause ascites
chronic liver disease
chronic heart disease
abnormal malignancy
gynaecomastia
due to increased oestrogen levels - decreased clearance of oestrogen by the diseased liver
location of portal triad (tract)
corners of lobules
portal triad
branches of portal vein and hepatic artery, and the bile duct. Also contains lymphatics
sinusoidal cell lining is specialised. How?
endothelium is fenstrated, enhancing permeability. Kuppfer cells lie in the endothelial layer and are phagocytic
space of disse
region between the hepatocytes and the sinusoidal lining. Increases interface between hepatocytes and fluid passing from/to the lumen via the fenestrations - facilitating exchange of substances between the blood and hepatocytes.
cirrhosis
diffuse process marked by cycles of destruction of hepatocytes followed by regeneration of the lost cells. There is deposition of collagenous tissue leading to scar formation. Characterised by nodules of regenerated hepatocytes separated by collagenous tissue
where does pahrynx become continuos with oesophagus
lower limit of the larynx (cricoid cartilage). C6 vertebra
oesophagus entering the abdominal cavity
passes through the right crus of diaphragm, at level of T10, slightly to the left of the mid-line
the hiatus and where structures pass through them
vena cava (8 letters) T8, oesophagus 10 letters (T10), aortic hiatus 12 letters (T12)
anatomical and physiological arrangements protecting against gastro-oesophageal reflux
lower oesophageal sphincter, angle between the lower oesophageal sphincter and the fundus of the stomach, mucosal soette formed by folds of mucosa at the gastro-oesophageal junction, oesophageal peristalsis, gastric peristalsis
hiatus hernia
where part of the stomach protrudes up through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity
Sliding - where the gastro-oesophageal junction protrudes up int the chest.
Rolling - where the gastric fundus protrudes up alongside the oesophagus
intrinsic factor
produced by parietal cells. Binds B12 and allows it to be absorbed from the ileum
four mediators that augment stomach acid secretion
gastrin, somatostatin, histamine, ACh
biochem results in CKD
high serum creatinine, hypocalcaemia, high urea, mild hyperkalemia, anaemia, hyperphosphataemia, hypoalbuminaemia, high Alk phos
renal osteodystrophy
bone disease due to combination of disturbed vitamin D metabolism and secondary hyperparathyroidism found in patients with CKD
insulin regime during period of illness
increase insulin as increased cortisol levels will counter the effect of insulin
three ketones produced during keto-acidosis
acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetone
anion gap
normally <18.
Normal anion gap - suggests HCl is being retained or NaHCO3 is being lost
Increased anion gap - unmeasured anions present in large quantities
anion gap ketoacidosis
increases due to accumulation of organic acids
hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma
endocrine emergency that can occur in type II diabetes
three things that activate parietal cell
histamine, ACh, gastrin
