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C++ > Bits, Bytes And Data Types > Flashcards

Bits, Bytes And Data Types Flashcards

1
Q

Bit

A

Smallest unit of memory which can hold a value of 0 or 1. (On or off lightswitch)

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2
Q

Memmory addresses

A

Sequential units where the memory is organized

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3
Q

Byte

A

Group of bits that are operated on as a unit, comprised of 8 sequential bits, a byte of data is stored in each memory address

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4
Q

Data types

A

How the compiler interpretes the contents of memory in some meaningful way (ex. Integers)

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5
Q

Fundamental data types

A

Also called basic, primitive, built-in are data types built in with support of c++

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6
Q

Integers

A

Specific data types that hold positive and negative whole numbers including 0

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7
Q

Integral types

A

Includes all boolean, characters and integer types, they are stored in memory as integers

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8
Q

_t suffix

A

Type, common nomenclature applied to modern types

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9
Q

Void

A

No type, variables can’t be defined with void type

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10
Q

Use of void

A

With

  • functions that do not return a value
  • functions that do not take parameters
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11
Q

For functions that have no paramethers

A

Use empty paramether list instead of void

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12
Q

Object sizes

A

Dependant on data types

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13
Q

Single bit

A

Can hold 2 possible values 0 or 1

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14
Q

Two bits

A

Can hold 4 possible values

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15
Q

Object with n bits

A

Can hold 2^n unique valies

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16
Q

Size of an object

A

Puts a limit on the amount of unique values it can store

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17
Q

Size of a given data type

A

Dependent on the compiler and/or the computer architecture

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18
Q

Sizeof operator

A

Unary operator that takes either a type or a variable and returns its size in bytes

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19
Q

Integer

A

Internal type that can represent positive, negative number and 0

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20
Q

C++ fundamental integer types

A

Short, int, long and long long

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21
Q

Difference between integer types

A

They have varying sizes, longer integers can hold big numbers

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22
Q

Numbers sign

A

Attribute of being positive, negative or zero

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23
Q

Defining signed integers

A

Short s, int i, long l, long long ll

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24
Q

Range

A

Set of specific values that a data type can hold

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25
Q

Range of integer variable

A

Determined by its size and whether is signed or not

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26
Q

Integer overflow

A

When we try to store value that is out of the range of the type, number we try to store that requres more bits.

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27
Q

Integer division

A

Doing devision with two integers, produces an integer, the fractions are droped

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28
Q

Unsigned integers

A

Integers that can only hold none negative whole numbers

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29
Q

Defining unsigned integers

A

Keyword unsigned is placed before the type

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30
Q

Unsigned integer range

A

From 0-225 in 1 byte, same as signed but signed use half of those for negative numbers

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31
Q

Integer wrap around

A

Mistaken for overflow, if value is out of range, its devided by one grater than the largest number of the type, the remainder is kept

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32
Q

Use of unsigned integers

A

Try to avoid it, if you use it dont mix signed and unsigned numbers

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33
Q

Fixed-width integers

A

Set of integers in the stdint.h header that are guaranteed to have the same size on any architecture

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34
Q

Defining fixed-width integers

A

Std::int8_t, std::uint8_t,….std::uint64_t

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35
Q

Accesing fixed-width integers

A

By including the cstint header, where are defined inside the std namespace

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36
Q

Downsides of fixed-width integers

A
  • optional, only exist if there are fundamental types matching the widths and following certain binary representation
  • it may be slower than a wider type on same architectures
  • should be avoided
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37
Q

Fast type integers

A

Std::int_fast#_t provides the fastest signed integer type width of at least # bits.

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38
Q

Least type integers

A

Std::int_least#_t provides the smallest signed integer type with a width of at least # bits

39
Q

Integer best practices

A
  • int should be prefered when the size of the integer doesn’t matter
  • use std::int_fast_t if you need a variable of particular size and want to favor performance
  • use std::int_least_t if you need a variable of particular size and want to favor conservation
40
Q

Std::size_t

A

Unsigned integral type, used to represent the size or length of objects

41
Q

Scientific notation

A

Shorthand for writing leinghty numbers in concise manner

42
Q

Form of scientific notation

A

Significant ×10^exponent

43
Q

Numbers in scientific notation

A

Written with 1 digit before the decimal point and the rest of the digits afterwards

44
Q

Converting numbers to scientific notation

A
  • the exponent starts at 0
  • slide the decimal so there is only 1 nonzere digit to the left of the decimal
  • each place you slide the decimal to the left increases, to the right decreases the exponent by 1
  • trim leading and trailing 0 (only if the original number didn’t had decimal point)
45
Q

Significant digits

A

Digits in the significant, the more digits in the significant the more precise a number is

46
Q

Floating point type variable

A

Variable that can hold a real number (with decimals)

47
Q

Floating point data types

A

Float fvalue
Double dvalue
Long double ldvalue

48
Q

Precision of a floating point number

A

Defines how many significant digits it can represent without information loss
Default precision is 6
In some cases switches to scientific notation
Maximum exponent digits is compiler specific

49
Q

Overriding default precision

A

By using std::setprecision() function in the iomanip header

50
Q

Rounding error

A

When precision is lost because a number can’t be stored properly

51
Q

Special cathegories of floating numbers

A
  • inf-infinity, positive and negative numbers

* NaN-not a number

52
Q

Boolean variables

A

Variables that can have only w possible values, true and false

53
Q

Declaring boolean values

A

By using keyword bool

54
Q

Initializing or assigning boolen variables

A

Assigning true or false by using the keywords true and false

55
Q

Logocal NOT operator

A

Can be used to flip a boolean value from true to false and vice versa

56
Q

Boolean values are stored as

A

Integers, they are considered integral type, true becomes 1, and false 0

57
Q

Printing boolean values

A
  • with std::cout it prints 0 and 1
  • std::boolalpha it prints true and false
  • std::noboolalpha turns it off
58
Q

Conversion from integer to boolean

A

You can’t initialize using uniform initialization, but when an integer can be converted to a boolean 0 is converted to false, and any other integers to true

59
Q

Inputting boolean values

A

Std::cin only accepts two inputs for boolean variables 0 and 1

60
Q

Boolean return values

A

For functions that check whether something is true or not

61
Q

If statement

A

Simplest kind of statement in c++, it allows us to execute one or more lines of code only if some condition is true

62
Q

Condition

A

Conditional ecpression is an expression that evaluates to a boolean value.

63
Q

If-else

A

Alternative form of the if statement, when we want to tell the user that the number they entered was non zero

64
Q

Chaining if statements

A

When we want to check if several things are true or false in a sequience

65
Q

Non-boolean conditionals

A

When the conditionis an expression that doesn’t evaluate to a boolean value, the conditional expression is converted to boolean, non-zero to true, zero to false

66
Q

Char data type

A

Integral type, is interpreted as ASCII characters (american standard code for information interchange, particular way te represent english characters as numbers)

67
Q

Codes0-31

A

Unprintable chars, used for formating and control printers

68
Q

Codes 32-127

A

Printable chars, represent letters, numbers and punctuation characters

69
Q

Initializing chars

A

Using character literals or with integrals

70
Q

Printing chars

A

As ASCII character with std::cout

71
Q

Ttoe cast

A

Creates a value of one type from a value of another type

72
Q

Static cast

A

Type cast used to convert between fundamental data types it doesn’t do range so an overflow is possible

73
Q

Char size, range, default size

A

Always 1 byte, signed or unsigned, number between -128 and 127 in signed and from 0- 255 unsigned

74
Q

Escape sequence

A

Characters that have special meaning starts with backslash and followed by a letter

75
Q

String

A

Collection of sequential characters when using double quotes

76
Q

Constant

A

Fixed value that may not be changed

77
Q

Tyoes of constants

A

Literal and symbolic

78
Q

Literals

A

Values inserted directly into the code, the type is assumed from the value and the format of the literal

79
Q

Literal suffixes

A 
U-uninitialized
L-long
Ul-uninitialized long
Ll-long long
Ull-uninitialized long long
F-floating double
L-long double
80
Q

Declaring literals

A

With double pi{3.141559} or double avogadro{6.02e23}

81
Q

Octal decimal

A

Base 8 digits available 0-7 not 8 and 9, to use it prefix the literal with 0, numbers are printed in decimal so 12 octal is 10 decimal

82
Q

Hexadecimal

A

Base 16 numbers included 0-9+a,b,c,d,e and f, to use it prefix with 0x,it is used for assigning binary literals

83
Q

Assigning binary literals

A

With prefix 0b, we can use quotation mark as digit seperator

84
Q

Printing decimal, octal and hexadecimal

A

Use of std::dec,oct or hex

85
Q

Printing in binary

A

Via use of type std::bitset, by defining a std::bitset variable and telling std::bitset how many bits we want to store

86
Q

Making variables constant

A

By using the const keyword before or after the variable type

87
Q

Initializing const variables

A

Must be done when defining, value can’t be changed with assigning, can be initialized from other variables

88
Q

Making function parameters const

A

Tells the person calling that the function will not change the value and ensures thet the function doesn’t change the value

89
Q

Runtime constants

A

Those whose initialization values can only be resolved at runtime

90
Q

Compile time constants

A

Those whose initializaron vues can be resolved at compile time

91
Q

Constexp

A

Ensures that the constant must be compile time constant

92
Q

Symbolic constants

A

Constant literal value

93
Q

Declaring symbolic constant

A

By using constexpr variable

94
Q

Use of symbolic constants throughout a multi file program

A

Can be declared in one central location and use then wherever we need them

C++ (30 decks)

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