Bites Flashcards
Which animal causes the highest incidence of domesticated animal bites
Dogs
are younger or older dogs more prone to biting humans
Young dongs.
Younger than 1 year
What pathogen is commonly found in dog bites
Pasteurella multocida
What is the antibiotic treatment of choice for
- Bite to the face > 24 hours
- Immunocompromised
- Crush injury
- Wound to hand or feet
Augmentin (Amoxicillin / Clavulanate) 875/125 mg BID or 500/125 mg TID
If allergic to penicillin or cephalosporin
- Clindamycin + flouroquinolone 300 mg PO q 6 hours for 7 days
What is the antibiotic treatment of choice for cat bites
Amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin)
For penicillin allergy - Clindamycin+fluoroquinolone
What pathogen is commonly found in cat bites
Pasteurella
Aside from bacterial infections, what needs to be considered when a person is attacked by a larger animal
Blunt and penetrating trauma, including deep arterial damage, nerve damage, and internal organ damage
What antibiotic should be directed against Aeromonas hydrophila, found in fresh water and brackish water
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethaxazole (Bactrim) 160 mg TP PO q 12 hours for 7 days
What antibiotic should be directed against pathogens found in salt water
Doxycycline Plus Ceftriaxone 1 gram IV daily
What is the mechanism of action for Augmetin
Prevents the bacteria from using a substance that is necessary for the maintenance of the bacteria’s outer wall
Do cats or dogs have a higher rate of infection?
Cats
What is the mechanism of action for Bactrim
Adverse reaction of Bactrim
Bacteriostatic
Steven Johnson Syndrome
Where are the majority of malaria related deaths
Subsaharan africa
What are some mosquito-borne illnesses
Encephalitis Yellow fever Dengue Chikungunya Zika Lymphatic Filariasis
Mosquito borne diseases in the United States
Eastern / western equine encephalitis
St. Louis Encephalitis
La Crosse Encephalitis
West nile virus
What is the order of insects that sting
Bees & hornets & ants
Hymenoptera
What references should be consulted for prevention of mosquito borne illnesses
CDC
Preventive Medicine
What animals are responsible for the leading cause of death in the United States
Bees, hornets, and wasps
Clinical signs of Hymenoptera Sting
Diffuse red skin Hives Swelling of the lips and tongue Wheezing Abdominal cramps
Symptoms and signs of advanced Hymenoptera sting
Hyperkalemia Acute tubular necrosis renal failure Pancreatitis Coagulopathy heart attack stroke
What symptoms will a patient exhibit if they experience multiple stings
Vomiting Diarrhea Dyspnea Hypotension Tachycardia Syncope
What diseases are transmitted by ticks
Lyme Disease RMSF Relapsing Fever Colorado Tick Fever Ehrlichiosis Tularemia Southern Tick Associated Rash Illness
Following a tick bite, what type of symptoms should be watched for as a sign of infection
Headache, fever, and rash
Treat with doxycycline
What should NOT be used for Tick removal
Petroleum jelly Nail polish Rubbing Alcohol Hot Match Gasoline
Treatment for a venomous snake bite
- Remove threat
- Immobilized the patient
- DO NOT apply tourniquet
- Irrigate and clean the bite
- loose dressing; expect swelling
- MEDEVAC
- Management of respirations and shock
What is the treatment for envenomation by hymenoptera
- Remove stinger (do not grasp sac)
- Wash site with soap and water
- Place a cold compress or ice on the site
- Give oral analgesics for pain relief
- Topical steroid cream
- Oral antihistamines
When a patient is envenomated by Hymenoptera, what needs to be administered with the occurrence of hives, wheezing, and respiratory difficulty
- Epinephrine (Repeated in 5 to 10 minutes)
- Beta agonist inhaler to relieve the wheezing
- Oral steroids and antihistamines should be added when epinephrine is used
Which type of snake venom causes respiratory paralysis
Neurotoxic
Coral snake
What type of snake venom causes tissue destruction by digestion and hemorrhage due to hemolysis and destruction of the endothelial lining of blood vessels
Cytolytic
What signs and symptoms are associated with Cytolitic snake venom
Local pain Redness swelling Extravasation of blood Perioral tingling Metallic taste Nausea and vomiting Hypotension Coagulopathy
What signs and symptoms are associated with Neurotoxic venom snake bites
Ptosis
Dysphagia
Diplopia
respiratory arrest via diaphragmatic paralysis
Signs and symptoms of a black widow spider bite
Generalized muscular pain Muscle spasms (Abdomen) Rigidity (Abdomen)
What relieves the pain and spasms associated with black widow bites
Benzodiazepines and muscle relaxants
signs and symptoms of a brown recluse spider bite
local necrosis
Hemolytic reactions are rare
Late - necrotizing ulcer
Treatment for brown recluse spider bites
Pain management for secondary local necrosis
Close monitoring
Antibiotic prophylaxis
Signs an symptoms of scorpion stings
- Muscle cramps
- Twitching and jerking
- Occasional hypertension
- Convulsions
- Pulmonary edema
Signs an symptoms of scorpion stings
- Muscle cramps
- Twitching and jerking
- Occasional hypertension
- Convulsions
- Pulmonary edema
Signs and symptoms of jellyfish stings
Pain Erythema Edema Pruritus Vesiculations Anaphylaxis
What will aid in the treatment of a jellyfish sting
Identifying the species of jellyfish
Treatment for a jellyfish sting
Rinse with salt water
Remove tentacles
Remove nemocysts with sand / shaving cream / baking soda / scraping off with a straight edge / sticky tape
Antihistamines, topical corticosteroids, and pain medications
Signs and symptoms of Coneshell sting
Mild to severe pain
Singing or numbness
Local to total paralysis
Treatment for coneshell sting
Pressure immobilization dressing and supportive care
Ventilation if symptoms worsen
How do stingrays cause injuries
Barbed spines cause penetrating injury and envenomation
