Bites Flashcards by Marcos Flores

Which animal causes the highest incidence of domesticated animal bites

Dogs

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are younger or older dogs more prone to biting humans

Young dongs.

Younger than 1 year

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What pathogen is commonly found in dog bites

Pasteurella multocida

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What is the antibiotic treatment of choice for

Bite to the face > 24 hours
Immunocompromised
Crush injury
Wound to hand or feet

Augmentin (Amoxicillin / Clavulanate) 875/125 mg BID or 500/125 mg TID

If allergic to penicillin or cephalosporin
- Clindamycin + flouroquinolone 300 mg PO q 6 hours for 7 days

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What is the antibiotic treatment of choice for cat bites

Amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin)

For penicillin allergy - Clindamycin+fluoroquinolone

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What pathogen is commonly found in cat bites

Pasteurella

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Aside from bacterial infections, what needs to be considered when a person is attacked by a larger animal

Blunt and penetrating trauma, including deep arterial damage, nerve damage, and internal organ damage

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What antibiotic should be directed against Aeromonas hydrophila, found in fresh water and brackish water

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethaxazole (Bactrim) 160 mg TP PO q 12 hours for 7 days

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What antibiotic should be directed against pathogens found in salt water

Doxycycline Plus Ceftriaxone 1 gram IV daily

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What is the mechanism of action for Augmetin

Prevents the bacteria from using a substance that is necessary for the maintenance of the bacteria’s outer wall

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Do cats or dogs have a higher rate of infection?

Cats

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What is the mechanism of action for Bactrim

Adverse reaction of Bactrim

Bacteriostatic

Steven Johnson Syndrome

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Where are the majority of malaria related deaths

Subsaharan africa

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What are some mosquito-borne illnesses

Encephalitis
Yellow fever
Dengue
Chikungunya
Zika
Lymphatic Filariasis

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Mosquito borne diseases in the United States

Eastern / western equine encephalitis
St. Louis Encephalitis
La Crosse Encephalitis
West nile virus

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What is the order of insects that sting

Bees & hornets & ants

Hymenoptera

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What references should be consulted for prevention of mosquito borne illnesses

CDC

Preventive Medicine

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What animals are responsible for the leading cause of death in the United States

Bees, hornets, and wasps

Clinical signs of Hymenoptera Sting

Diffuse red skin
Hives
Swelling of the lips and tongue 
Wheezing
Abdominal cramps

Symptoms and signs of advanced Hymenoptera sting

Hyperkalemia
Acute tubular necrosis 
renal failure
Pancreatitis
Coagulopathy
heart attack 
stroke

What symptoms will a patient exhibit if they experience multiple stings

Vomiting
Diarrhea
Dyspnea
Hypotension
Tachycardia
Syncope

What diseases are transmitted by ticks

Lyme Disease
RMSF
Relapsing Fever
Colorado Tick Fever
Ehrlichiosis
Tularemia
Southern Tick Associated Rash Illness

Following a tick bite, what type of symptoms should be watched for as a sign of infection

Headache, fever, and rash

Treat with doxycycline

What should NOT be used for Tick removal

Petroleum jelly
Nail polish
Rubbing Alcohol
Hot Match
Gasoline

Treatment for a venomous snake bite

- Remove threat - Immobilized the patient - DO NOT apply tourniquet - Irrigate and clean the bite - loose dressing; expect swelling - MEDEVAC - Management of respirations and shock

What is the treatment for envenomation by hymenoptera

- Remove stinger (do not grasp sac) - Wash site with soap and water - Place a cold compress or ice on the site - Give oral analgesics for pain relief - Topical steroid cream - Oral antihistamines

When a patient is envenomated by Hymenoptera, what needs to be administered with the occurrence of hives, wheezing, and respiratory difficulty

- Epinephrine (Repeated in 5 to 10 minutes) - Beta agonist inhaler to relieve the wheezing - Oral steroids and antihistamines should be added when epinephrine is used

Which type of snake venom causes respiratory paralysis

Neurotoxic Coral snake

What type of snake venom causes tissue destruction by digestion and hemorrhage due to hemolysis and destruction of the endothelial lining of blood vessels

Cytolytic

What signs and symptoms are associated with Cytolitic snake venom

``` Local pain Redness swelling Extravasation of blood Perioral tingling Metallic taste Nausea and vomiting Hypotension Coagulopathy ```

What signs and symptoms are associated with Neurotoxic venom snake bites

Ptosis Dysphagia Diplopia respiratory arrest via diaphragmatic paralysis

Signs and symptoms of a black widow spider bite

``` Generalized muscular pain Muscle spasms (Abdomen) Rigidity (Abdomen) ```

What relieves the pain and spasms associated with black widow bites

Benzodiazepines and muscle relaxants

signs and symptoms of a brown recluse spider bite

local necrosis Hemolytic reactions are rare Late - necrotizing ulcer

Treatment for brown recluse spider bites

Pain management for secondary local necrosis Close monitoring Antibiotic prophylaxis

Signs an symptoms of scorpion stings

- Muscle cramps - Twitching and jerking - Occasional hypertension - Convulsions - Pulmonary edema

Signs an symptoms of scorpion stings

- Muscle cramps - Twitching and jerking - Occasional hypertension - Convulsions - Pulmonary edema

Signs and symptoms of jellyfish stings

``` Pain Erythema Edema Pruritus Vesiculations Anaphylaxis ```

What will aid in the treatment of a jellyfish sting

Identifying the species of jellyfish

Treatment for a jellyfish sting

Rinse with salt water Remove tentacles Remove nemocysts with sand / shaving cream / baking soda / scraping off with a straight edge / sticky tape Antihistamines, topical corticosteroids, and pain medications

Signs and symptoms of Coneshell sting

Mild to severe pain Singing or numbness Local to total paralysis

Treatment for coneshell sting

Pressure immobilization dressing and supportive care | Ventilation if symptoms worsen

How do stingrays cause injuries

Barbed spines cause penetrating injury and envenomation