BISC317 Lab Midterm 1 Flashcards
What is meant by anatomically generalized?
The insect has few structures that have specialized functions
The plates on the exoskeleton are called _____, and are separated by _____
Sclerites, sutures
Sclerites on the dorsal surface of the thorax and abdomen are called ____, plates on the ventral surface are called ____, and plates placed laterally between the two are called ____
Tergites, sternites, pleurites
Small, detached plates between segments are called:
intertergites, interstergites, interpleurites
What is found above the base of each antenna and between the antennal bases?
ocelli
What is the primary function of the thorax?
Locomotion
What is the purpose of the tympanum?
It is the ‘ear drum’ or auditory membrane
What is the purpose of valvulae?
To bore into soil in order to lay eggs
What parts make up the proboscis in hemiptera?
mandibular, maxillary stylets, labium
What contains the salivary channel in mosquitoes?
hypopharynx
What parts make up the proboscis in lepidoptera?
paired maxillae or galeae, which are tightly interlocked to form a tube
What is Johnston’s Organ and what is its purpose?
proprioceptor composed of a mass of hairs, located inside the pedicel in antenna and is attached to the base of the flagellum. responds to movement of the flagellum relative to the pedicel, providing insect with information on position
What are some possible leg specializations?
running, swimming, jumping, digging, pollen carrying, walking, grasping
What part of the wing has veins that are unbranched?
Anal
Where are the ganglia located?
3 in the thorax, 8 in the abdomen, 1 in the head
Where are the cardiac chambers located?
two thoracic chambers and 8 abdominal chambers
What is the purpose of the aedeagus?
Present in males for conveying the spermatozoa into the female
What is the purpose of the vagina/genital chamber and ovipositor?
Present in females, a copulatory pouch/recipient organ. ovipositor is adapted for egg laying
What is the purpose of the third valvulae?
to act as a protective sheath
What is the purpose of ovarioles and where are they located?
located in the ovary, eggs develop inside
What is the purpose of the suspensory filament?
to anchor the ovary to the dorsal part of the body wall
What is the purpose of the germinarium?
primordial germ cells differentiate
What is the purpose of vitellarium?
where developing eggs and nutritive cells are found
What is the spermatheca?
a pouch for receiving and storing spermatozoa. arises from the dorsal surface of the genital chamber
What is the purpose of accessory glands in females?
associated with the exit apparatus of the female organs and often secrete protective or adhesive coating over the eggs
Where is spermatozoa produced?
in testicular follicles
Where does spermatozoa congretate?
in the seminal vesicle
After the accessory gland, where does sperm go?
sperm and seminal fluid enter the genital bulb and then exit through the adeagus.
What are the larger tubes of the tracheal system called and where do they go?
Tracheae - run inwards from the spiracles and break up into smaller branches called tracheoles
What is the purpose of the taenidium?
give strength to the tracheae and protect them against collapse with changes in pressure
What is the spiracular atrium?
small tubular chamber coming from the spiracular opening
What is the purpose of the nervous system?
conducts stimuli from the sensory receptors to integration centres, and then sends out impulses to activate muscles and glands of the organism so that it responds to the environment
What is the circulatory system in an insect?
an open system, with a body cavity bathed in a pool of hemolymph
What is the foramen magnum?
a hole through which the gut, nervous system, and circulatory system connect from the head to the thorax, and is enclosed by the cervix
What is the purpose of the spiracles?
external entrances for gas exchange, located between the pro- and mesothorax and between the meso- and metathorax
Why is the sternum so complex?
due to internal muscle attachments
What is the chemical used in the ‘killing jar’?
ethyl acetate
How do berlese funnels work?
insects move away from the light/heat and fall into the ethanol (preservation liquid)
What is the purpose of the tentorial arms?
anterior and posterior tentorial arms join medially to form a tentorial bridge and a dorsal tentorial arm originates from this structure and connects to the head capsule between the antenna
What are the tergites of the thorax called and are they different from those on the abdomen?
they are different so you can distinguish them from the abdomen. They are called Nota, so, you have pronotum, mesonotum, metanotum
What do the paraprocts represent and what are they?
they are sclerites on either side of the anus and represent the vestiges of the 11th sternite
Where are claspers located on a male?
either side of the aedeagus
the ovipostior on a locust differs from that of other insects. How?
in a grasshopper, the ventral first valvulae originate on the 8th segment, the dorsal third valvulae originate on the reduced 9th segment, and the inner second valvulae are reduced. in other insects the first and second valvulae form the ovispositor and the third valvulae forms a protective sheath around them
In wasps and bees, what is the stinger made up of?
modified first and second valvulae
Describe tegmina, hemelytra, elytra, and halteres
tegmina: hard and leathery forewings that provide protection for membranous hindwings (orthoptera)
hemelytra: forewings that are chitinized for half their length (hemiptera)
elytra: forewings are entirely chitinized (beetles)
halteres: hindwings reduced to small knobs which serve as organs of balance (diptera)
What are wingless insects described as
‘apterous’
What organs make up the foregut, midgut, and hindgut?
foregut: pharynx, esophagus, crop, proventriculus
midgut: gastric caeca, malpighian tubules
hindgut: anterior intestine (pylorus), rectum, anus
Where do the dorsal, ventral, and visceral tracheas supply oxygen to?
dorsal: dorsal musculature of the body and dorsal blood vessel
ventral: ventral musculature and dorsal blood vessel
visceral: branching to alimentary canal, fat bodies, and other organs
Where are the ostia located?
near the posterior end of each chamber, one on each side of the vessel
What are ostial valves?
regulate the ostial openings, flap-like structures lying inside the heart
Describe the dorsal diaphragm
transparent membrane attached to the heart, forms the floor of an ill-defined pericardial cavity
What can you find among the heart muscles?
numerous clusters of pericardial cells or nephrocytes
What are segmental blood vessels?
found in cockroaches, they leave the heart at right angles, lying on the borders between abdominal segments. they are pulsatile but their activity is feeble compared to that of the heart
What does a typical ovipositor consist of?
a shaft, a pair of basal plates, the first and second valvifers. normally includes a pair of accessory lobes or third valvulae found on the posterior end of the second valvulae.
what is the shaft composed of?
in most insects, composed of two pairs of elongate processes, the first and second valvulae
