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BISC 102 > BISC 102 Midterm > Flashcards

BISC 102 Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptation

A

A heritable trait that increases survival and reproduction of an individual in a particular environment compared to individuals without that trait

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2
Q

Categories of Adaptations

A
  1. structural - physical features
  2. behavioural - learned or inherited actions/activities carried out by organism
  3. Physiological - internal cellular processes
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3
Q

Darwin’s 5 Observations

A
  1. for any species, population size would increase exponentially
  2. populations tend to be stable in size except for seasonal fluctuations
  3. resources are limited
  4. members of a population vary extensively in their characteristics
  5. much of this variation is heritable
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4
Q

Darwin’s 3 inferences

A
  1. production of more individuals than the environment can support leads to a struggle for existence among individuals of a population with only a fraction of their offspring surviving
  2. survival depends in part on inherited traits. Individuals whose inherited traits give them a high probability of surviving and reproducing are likely to leave more offspring than other individuals
  3. this unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to gradual change in population, with favourable characteristics accumulating for successive generations
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5
Q

When does natural selection occur?

A
  • heritable phenotypic variation in the populations leads to …
  • differential reproductive success - unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce
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6
Q

Phenotype

A

organism’s observable characteristics or traits including physical form and structure, developmental properties, biochemical and physiological properties as well as behaviour

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7
Q

biological fitness

A

ability of an individual to survive to reproductive age, find a mate, and produce live, fertile offspring relative to that ability in other individuals in the population

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8
Q

Artificial selection

A

humans have modified other species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits (cattle, sheep, dogs, flowers)

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9
Q

fossil record

A

provides evidence of the extinction of species, the origin of new groups, and changes within groups over time

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10
Q

mold

A

formed when organism decays completely but leaves behind hollow physical impression of itself

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11
Q

cast

A

forms when resulting minerals and sediment deposit into a mold and hardens over time (leaving 3D physical replica of hard structures of the organism)

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12
Q

permineralized fossils

A

forms as an organism decomposes slowly, which allows dissolved minerals to gradually infiltrate interior of cells and harden into stone

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13
Q

True form fossils

A

preserve the entire natural form of the organism

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14
Q

carbon film fossils

A

are formed from carbon residue of soft bodied organism that has been buried sediment

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15
Q

trace fossils

A

provide indirect evidence of life

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16
Q

habitat bias

A

organisms that live where sediment is actively being deposited are more likely to fossilize than are organisms in other habitats

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17
Q

taxonomic/tissue bias

A

some organisms (those with hard parts) are more likely to decay slowly compared to soft-bodied organisms

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18
Q

temporal bias

A

more recent fossils are more common than ancient fossils

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19
Q

abundance bias

A

organisms that are more abundantly widespread and present for a long time leave evidence much more often than do species that are rare, local, or ephemeral

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20
Q

homologous structures

A

body parts that share a common ancestor, but many not necessarily perform the same function
- develop through divergent evolutions

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21
Q

divergent evolution

A

a process in which a trait held by a common ancestor evolves into different variations over time

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22
Q

homoplasy/analogous structures

A

body parts that perform the same function but have different evolutionary history (similar in function but not resulting from common ancestry)

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23
Q

convergent evolution

A

process in which species that are not closely related to each other independently evolve similar kinds of traits

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24
Q

vestigial structures

A

reduced or incompletely developed structure that serves no or little functions - used to be functional in ancestral species

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25
Q

comparative embryology

A

similar embryological development in closely related species

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26
Q

biogeography

A

describes the distribution of life forms over geographical areas, both in past and present times

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27
Q

internal validity

A

the extent to which you can be confident that a cause and effect relationship established in a study cannot be explained by other factors

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28
Q

experimental unit

A

the physical entity to which a treatment is randomly applied and on which an observation is made

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29
Q

sexual selection

A

a form of non-random mating which occurs when individuals within a population differ in their ability to attract mates

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30
Q

intersexual selection

A

mating success determined by between sex interactions (looks at mate choice, often female choice)

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31
Q

intrasexual selection

A

mating success determined by within sex interactions (ex. male male combat)

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32
Q

good genes hypothesis

A

the traits females choose when selecting a mate are honest indicators of the male’s ability to pass on genes that will increase the survival or reproductive success of her offspring

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33
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

differences between the male and female sex in some species

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34
Q

sexy-sons hypothesis

A

states that females ideal mate choice is one whose genes will produce males with the best chance of reproductive success

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35
Q

monogamy

A

pattern of having one mate at a time - one male and female in exclusive relationship
- parental care normally involves both parents

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36
Q

polygamy

A

pattern of having more than one mate at a time

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37
Q

polygyny

A

one male mates with two or more females

- male walruses

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38
Q

polyandry

A

one female mates with two or more males

  • male usually provide most parental care
    ex. spotted sandpiper
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39
Q

polygynandry

A

two or more males mate with two or more females

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40
Q

promiscuity

A

mating system where there is no pair bonding

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41
Q

behaviour

A

change in the activity of an organism in response to a stimulus

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42
Q

behavioural ecology

A

study of behavioural adaptations that evolved in response to ecological selection pressures

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43
Q

fixed action patterns

A

sequence of behaviours essentially unchangeable and conducted to completion once started

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44
Q

imprinting

A

results in newborn animals bonding with their parents

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45
Q

spacial learning

A

entails memorizing the features or layout of an environment (such as maze, tank, or section of forest)

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46
Q

conditioning

A

requires that an animal form an association between two events (ie lever and food)

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47
Q

cognition

A

involves complex thought, which is evidenced in behaviours such as tool manufacture and use, language acquisition, and problem solving

48
Q

habituation

A

a simple form of learning in which an animal stops responding to a stimulus after a period of repeated exposure

49
Q

ecology

A

scientific study of interactions between organisms and the environment

50
Q

population

A

comprises all organisms of given species in defined area (least inclusive)

51
Q

community

A

group of populations of different species in defined area

52
Q

ecosystem

A

community of organisms in an area and physical factors that they interact with

53
Q

biosphere

A

global ecosystem or sum of all the planet’s ecosystems (most inclusive)

54
Q

quadrat analysis

A

use to quantify immobile organisms

55
Q

mark-release-capture

A

used to quantify mobile organisms

56
Q

clumped distribution

A

most common type of dispersion

- distance between neighbouring individuals in minimized as individuals are clustered in groups

57
Q

random distribution

A

least common type

- distance between neighbouring individuals is unpredictable

58
Q

Uniform distribution

A

distance between neighbouring individuals is evenly spaced

59
Q

biotic factors

A

living components of an ecosystem

60
Q

abiotic factors

A

non-living or physical components of an ecosystem

61
Q

producers (autotrophs)

A

convert energy from sunlight to make chemical compounds into organic compounds

62
Q

photoautotrophs

A

(plants) use energy from sunlight to make organic compounds (like sugars) out of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis (ex. algae, cyanobacteria)

63
Q

chemoautotrophs

A

use energy from inorganic compounds to make organic compounds out of carbon dioxide or similar molecules

64
Q

consumers (heterotrophs)

A

animals that depend on producers for food

  • herbivores
  • omnivores
  • carnivores
65
Q

decomposers (heterotrophs)

A

break down dead material and wastes

66
Q

survivorship curve

A

graphic way of representing data in a life table

67
Q

type 1 survivorship

A

low death rates during early/middle life. increased death rates among older age groups. usually have small number of offspring and provide lots of parental care
- humans

68
Q

type 2 survivorship

A

death rates constant over the organism’s life span. organisms with this type may also have relatively few offspring and provide significant parental care
- birds

69
Q

type 3 survivorship

A

high death rates for the young, slower death rates for survivors. usually have lots of offspring at once. don’t provide much care for the offspring

  • tree releasing thousands of seeds
  • trees, marine invertebrates, most fish
70
Q

semelparity (big-bang reproduction)

A

reproduce once and die (such as pacific salmon, bamboo, grain crops)

71
Q

iteroparity (repeated reproduction)

A

produce offspring repeatedly (such as humans)

72
Q

population growth

A

populations are controlled by resources and resources are not unlimited - population can only reach a size that matches availability of resources in its local environment

73
Q

exponential growth

A

population’s growth rate increases over time, in proportion to size of population (bacteria growing in lab)

74
Q

logistic growth

A

is continuous population growth in an environment where resources are limited
- density dependent growth

75
Q

r-selected species

A

has high rates of fertility, low levels of parental investment in the young, high rates of mortality before the individuals reach sexual maturity (evolution favours productivity)

76
Q

k-selected species

A

low rates of fertility, high levels of parental investment, low rates of mortality as individuals sexually mature (evolution favours efficiency)

77
Q

interspecific interactions

A

relationships between species in a community

78
Q

competition

A

(-/- interactions) when a species compete for a resource in short supply

79
Q

predation

A

(+/- interaction) refers to interaction where one species kills and eats the other

80
Q

cryptic colouration

A

camouflage - makes prey difficult to spot since the blend with surroundings

81
Q

aposematic colouration

A

chemical defence - bright warning colours

82
Q

batesian mimicry

A

harmless organism imitates appearance of those that are dangerous in hopes they will be mistaken for them by predators (includes good tasting organisms appearing as bad tasting organisms)

83
Q

mullerian mimicry

A

two or more unpalatable or harmful species that have the same predators resemble each other’s closely similar warning systems, such as same pattern of bright colours

84
Q

aggressive mimicry

A

used by predators. allows predators to approach and sometimes attract its prey

85
Q

herbivory

A

(+/-) herbivores eat parts of a plant or algae

86
Q

symbiosis

A

relationship where two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another

87
Q

paratism

A

(+/-) the parasite derives nourishment from another organism who is harmed in the process

88
Q

mutualism

A

(+/+) both species benefit from the interaction

89
Q

commensalism

A

(+/0) one species benefits and other is apparently unaffected

90
Q

trophic structure

A

the feeding relationships between organisms in a community

91
Q

genetics

A

scientific study of heredity and variation

92
Q

heredity

A

transmission of traits from one generation to the next

93
Q

variation

A

differences in appearance that offspring show from their parents and siblings

94
Q

genes

A

are the units fo heredity and are made up of segments of DNA (different versions of specific gene called alleles)

95
Q

gametes

A

genes are passed to the next generation through reproductive cells called gametes (sperm and eggs)

96
Q

locus

A

what specific locations on a chromosome are called

97
Q

fertilization

A

union of gametes

98
Q

diploid zygote

A

name for fertilized egg

99
Q

zygote

A

produces somatic cells by mitosis

100
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

two chromosomes in a pair

  • can exist as replicated or unreplicated
  • have same size (length)
101
Q

histones

A

add compaction and protection to chromosomes

102
Q

condensins

A

protein rings along length of chromosome to compact chromosome just before cell division

103
Q

karyotype

A

ordered display of chromosomes of an individual cell

104
Q

karyotype

A

ordered display of chromosomes of an individual cell

105
Q

autosomes

A

22 pairs of chromosomes that do not determine sex

106
Q

centrosomes

A

organelle that serves as microtubule organizing center

107
Q

aster

A

radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome, which connect to proteins on inner surface of cell membrane

108
Q

kinetochore

A

capture chromosomes by binding to kinetochore proteins

109
Q

non-kinetochore

A

(polar microtubules) do not capture chromosomes

110
Q

prophase 1

A

replicated chromosomes condense and spindle microtubules begin to form centrosomes

111
Q

synapsis

A

homologous replicated chromosomes loosely pair up, aligned gene by gene

112
Q

chiasmata regions

A

where crossing over occurs

113
Q

crossing over

A

non-sister chromatids exchange DNA segments to produce chromosomes with a combination of parental alleles

114
Q

metaphase 1

A

paired homologs line up at metaphase plate at random
microtubules from one pole are attached to the kinetochore of one replicated chromosomes of each bivalent
microtubules from the other pole are attached to the kinetochore of the other replicated chromosome of each bivalent

115
Q

anaphase 1

A

paired homologs separate
one chromosome moves toward each pole guided by the spindle microtubules (kinetochore microtubules shorten while non kinetochore microtubules lengthen
sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere

116
Q

Telophase 1 and Cytokinesis

A

homologs (as replicated chromosomes) finish migrating to the poles of the cell (cells are diploid)
cytokinesis occurs and forms two haploid daughter cells

BISC 102 (1 decks)

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