Bis Final Review

Question 1

What protein is responsible for adding the tRNA to amino acid molecules?

Answer 1

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

Question 2

null mutation

Answer 2

causes the proteins to not function, lack of function mutation

Question 3

nonsense

Answer 3

codes for stop

Question 4

missense mutation

Answer 4

causes a change in the side chain present

Question 5

silent mutation

Answer 5

no change overall in the side chain

Question 6

frameshift mutation

Answer 6

insertion or deletion results in the shifting of the reading frame

Question 7

sickle cell anemia is due to what type of mutation?

Answer 7

missense

Question 8

BER (base excision repair)

Answer 8

a site and neighboring nucleotides are removed, base is repaired, ex-damaged base from deamination/alkylation, protein detects damage and removes it, removes the site + neighbors, gap is filled

Question 9

NER (nucleotide excision repair)

Answer 9

20-30 bases, larger than BER ex. thymine dimer

Question 10

Direct chemical reversal

Answer 10

no excision of the DNA backbone

Question 11

Mismatch Repair (MMR)

Answer 11

done by proteins after proofreading by DNA polymerase 1,
Proteins excise regions + some of the nucleotides around it, DNA P1 resynthesizes the region, DNA ligase comes to seal the nick

Question 12

ex of direct chemical reversal

Answer 12

enzyme comes along and removes side group from base to fix the DNA structure

Question 13

acetylation of histones causes them to

Answer 13

be easier to transcribe, aka looser

Question 14

acetylation causes opening of histone due to

Answer 14

change in charge (cancels out lysines positive charge)

Question 15

methylation of histones does

Answer 15

nothing, lysine remains positive charge and still inaccessible

Question 16

do prokaryotes have histones?

Answer 16

NO

Question 17

what do prokaryotes rely on for packaging their DNA

Answer 17

supercoiling

Question 18

what do eukaryotes use to package their DNA

Answer 18

histones

Question 19

methylation leads to the DNA becoming

Answer 19

more tightly wound

Question 20

eukaryotes have ______ in addition to histones

Answer 20

chromatin remodeling proteins

Question 21

histones rely on ATP consuming ______ to compact their DNA

Answer 21

enzymes

Question 22

similarities between bacteria and archaea (5)

Answer 22

no membrane bound organelles/nucleus
unicellular, 
phospholipid membrane, 
cytoplasmic membrane contains all rxns (ETC, ATP Synthase, photosynthesis)
have a nucleoid

Question 23

shapes of bacteria

Answer 23

cocci (sphere), bacilli (rod) , spirilli (spiral)

Question 24

eukaryotic cells have

Answer 24

membrane bound nucleus and organelles

Question 25

ribosomes

Answer 25

do protein synthesis and translate the transcribed RNA into proteins

Question 26

do prokaryotes have cell walls?

Answer 26

no

Question 27

polysaccharides are linked through what bond

Answer 27

glycosidic bond (ex, done in the gut of a cow)

Question 28

disulfide bridge

Answer 28

requires cysteine

Question 29

amino acids are held together by

Answer 29

peptide bond

Question 30

carbohydrates use what type of process to transport them across the cell

Answer 30

facilitated diffusion

Question 31

membrane permeability rules

Answer 31

gases easiest to pass through, water, bigger non polar molecules, bigger polar molecules, charged species

Question 32

how does water get through the membrane

Answer 32

channel proteins

Question 33

alpha helix

Answer 33

linear array of amino acids (primary structure)

Question 34

beta sheets

Answer 34

H bonds hold the molecules together and R groups rotate around the amino acids

Question 35

how do enzymes work?

Answer 35

orient substrate molecules bringing together the atoms that will bond, or stretch the bonds in substrate molecules, making unstable

Question 36

km is the substrate concentration where

Answer 36

the reaction is going at 1/2 of the Vmax (important because here the metabolites can control the enzyme)