Births

Question 1

Sarah Harper (2012)

Answer 1

Education of women is the most important reason for the long- term fall in birth and fertility rates.
Led to a change in mind-set-fewer children
Educated women more likely to use family planning
See other possibilities in life apart from traditional role of mother and housewife, more women choosing to delay child bearing

Question 2

Sarah Harper (norms)

Answer 2

Once a family pattern of low fertility lasts for more than 1 generation, cultural norms about family size change.
Smaller families become the norm and large ones to be seen as deviant or less acceptable.

Question 3

Harper

Answer 3

Fall in IMR leads to fall in the birth rate- many infants die, parents have more children to replace them.

Question 4

Brass + Kabir (1978)

Answer 4

Argue the trend to smaller families began not in rural places where iMR first began to fall but in urban areas where IMR remained higher for longer.