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British Empire 1763-1914 > Birth of British Australia 1788-1829: How did the first British penal colony in Australia develop as a settlement? > Flashcards

Birth of British Australia 1788-1829: How did the first British penal colony in Australia develop as a settlement? Flashcards

1
Q

When did the First Fleet arrive in Australia?

A

18 January 1788

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2
Q

Where did First Fleet arrive in Australia?

A

Botany Bay

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3
Q

Who commanded the First Fleet and what was his background?

A

Arthur Phillip, retired naval officer

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4
Q

How long did it take the First Fleet to arrive in Australia?

A

252 days

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5
Q

How many ships were in the First Fleet of each type: convict transport; storage; navy

A

convict transport: 6
storage: 3
navy: 2

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6
Q

What two things made Botany Bay unsuitable for settlement?

A

soil infertile
no fresh water

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7
Q

Where did the First Fleet settle instead of Botany Bay?

A

Sydney Cove

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8
Q

Give two reasons why Britain needed to establish a penal colony.

A
  1. prisons full - having to use frigates on Thames to house prisoners
  2. to enable alternative to hanging so juries less likely to give not guilty verdict
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9
Q

How much did it cost to fit out the First Fleet?

A

£84k

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10
Q

Give two reasons why British government chose Australia.

A
  1. It would prevent any French claim to the territory.
  2. Positive feedback from Cook’s expedition, eg about use of Norfolk Island to grow flax and provide pine for ships
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11
Q

Give two reasons why Britain’s prisons were full.

A
  1. American War of Independence meant couldn’t send felons there any more
  2. Urbanisation and slum poverty increased level of crime.
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12
Q

Give the name, age and crime of the youngest convict on the First Fleet.

A
  • John Hudson
  • age 9
  • stealing
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13
Q

Give the name, age and crime of the oldest convict on the First Fleet.

A
  • Dorothy Handland
  • age 82
  • housebreaking
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14
Q

What proportion of the First Fleet convicts had been convicted of minor theft?

A

two-thirds

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15
Q

Where did food come from for the initial settlement?

A
  • Mostly supplies brought with them - including eating all the livestock
  • Some fresh fish or birds they killed
  • some traded with Aboriginal people
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16
Q

Was a flax industry established on Norfolk Island?

A

no as it proved to be the wrong type of flax

17
Q

Which two groups were allocated plots of land by Philipps?

A
  • convicts once they had served their terms
  • any serving officers who decided to stay
18
Q

By 1792, how many acres of land were under public and private cultivation?

A

public: 1,000 acres
private: 516 acres

19
Q

When did the Second Fleet arrive?

A

June 1790

20
Q

Where was a second colony established in 1790?

A

Norfolk Island

21
Q

Why did having a second colony help?

A

reduced number of people needing feeding in Sydney whilst those on Norfolk Island initially had plentiful supply of mutton bird to eat

22
Q

How was food shared from April 1790?

A

equal rations to everyone

23
Q

What were the two positive results of equal food rations for all?

A
  • everyone had just enough to survive
  • no riots over unfair distribution
24
Q

Where did Philipp decide to relocate the Sydney Cove colony to and why?

A

Parramatta (renamed Rose Hill), as appeared more fertile

25
Q

What happened to the ship Sirius?

A

wrecked on Norfolk Island on way to Canton for more supplies

26
Q

What happened to the ship Guardian?

A

was bringing supplies to Australia when it sank near the Cape

27
Q

What ship of the Second Fleet brought 222 female convicts and arrived first?

A

Lady Juliana

28
Q

How long was it after the Lady Juliana arrived that the Justinian arrived, and what was it carrying?

A

two weeks, carrying supplies, eg livestock and crops

29
Q

How successful was the Second Fleet voyage compared to that of the First Fleet?

A

less successful - at least a quarter of the convicts died on voyage and more died soon after landing

30
Q

What were the four main causes of deaths on the Second Fleet?

A
  • starvation
  • scurvy
  • poor sanitation
  • louse-borne diseases
31
Q

When did Phillip finish being governor?

A

1792

32
Q

By 1792, how many people lived on Norfolk Island?

A

> 1,000

33
Q

By 1792, how many people lived in either Sydney or Paramatta?

A

> 3,000

34
Q

When did the first Irish prisoners reach the colony?

A

1791

35
Q

Define Emancipist.

A

a convict who had served his term or been given full or conditional pardon and was now a settler

36
Q

Define Currency.

A

free child born to convict

37
Q

Define Sterling.

A

freeborn children of settlers

38
Q

Define Exclusive.

A

free settlers and their descendants

British Empire 1763-1914 (13 decks)

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