Birth Control Choices & Pregnancy

Question 1

What is spermatogenesis, and where does it occur in the male reproductive system?

Answer 1

Spermatogenesis is the process of sperm cell production, and it occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

Question 2

How many sperm can be found in a single male ejaculation, and what is their target in the female reproductive system?

Answer 2

A single male ejaculation can contain around 500 million sperm, and their target is the ovum (egg) in the female reproductive system.

Question 3

Describe the journey of sperm from ejaculation to fertilization.

Answer 3

Sperm must navigate through the acidic environment of the vagina, enter the uterus, and then travel up the fallopian tube where they encounter the ovum (egg). Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with the nucleus of the egg.

Question 4

What happens to the majority of sperm produced by a man during his lifetime?

Answer 4

The majority of sperm produced by a man during his lifetime do not successfully fertilize an egg.

Question 5

How does ovulation relate to the release of eggs (ova) in women, and what happens if an egg is not fertilized?

Answer 5

During ovulation, one of a woman’s ovaries releases an ovum (egg), which travels through the fallopian tube towards the uterus. If the egg is not fertilized, it disintegrates and is expelled during menstruation.

Question 6

Explain the process of fertilization, including the steps involved in the sperm’s interaction with the egg.

Answer 6

Fertilization occurs when a sperm successfully penetrates the egg’s membrane by releasing an enzyme that dissolves part of the barrier. Once the sperm merges with the egg, the resulting structure becomes a zygote.

Question 7

What is implantation, and when does it occur in the process of human conception?

Answer 7

Implantation is the process where the zygote, which is a clump of cells formed after fertilization, burrows into the endometrium (the lining of the uterus). This typically occurs about a week after fertilization.

Question 8

What is the primary equation for conception, and why is it considered complex?

Answer 8

The primary equation for conception is “sperm + egg = fertilized egg.” It is considered complex because the processes involved in conception, such as sperm navigation and fertilization, are intricate.

Question 9

What are the two main categories of contraceptive methods, and how can they prevent pregnancy?

Answer 9

Contraceptive methods can be temporary or permanent. They prevent pregnancy by either preventing ovulation, interfering with implantation, or blocking sperm from reaching the egg.

Question 10

What factors should be considered when choosing a birth control method?

Answer 10

Factors to consider when choosing a birth control method include effectiveness, failure rates, advantages, disadvantages, and medical contraindications. Consulting a physician is advisable.

Question 11

What is abstinence, and why is it considered the only 100% effective form of birth control?

Answer 11

Abstinence is the choice to abstain from sexual intercourse. It is considered the only 100% effective form of birth control because it involves not engaging in any sexual activity that can lead to conception.

Question 12

Describe prescription contraceptives and provide examples. What are some advantages and disadvantages of prescription contraceptives?

Answer 12

Prescription contraceptives include methods like oral contraceptives (birth control pills), intrauterine devices (IUDs), diaphragms, contraceptive rings, and contraceptive patches. Advantages include high effectiveness and health benefits, while disadvantages may include the need for consistency, potential side effects, and certain risks.

Question 13

Explain the factors that should be considered before using oral contraceptives (birth control pills), and what should individuals do if they miss a pill?

Answer 13

Before using oral contraceptives, individuals should undergo a thorough physical examination, discuss their medical history, and consider any contraindications. If a pill is missed, backup contraception should be used for the rest of the cycle.

Question 14

Describe the contraceptive ring (NuvaRing) and its advantages and disadvantages.

Answer 14

The contraceptive ring releases low doses of estrogen and progestin. Advantages include effectiveness and reversibility, while disadvantages may include vaginal discomfort and contraindications for some individuals.

Question 15

Explain the contraceptive patch (Evra), including its application and associated advantages and disadvantages.

Answer 15

The contraceptive patch continuously releases estrogen and progestin. It is applied to the skin and replaced every seven days for three weeks. Advantages include convenience, while disadvantages may include increased cardiovascular risk and weight-related restrictions.

Question 16

What are contraceptive injectables (Depo-Provera), and what are their advantages and disadvantages?

Answer 16

Contraceptive injectables provide three months of protection with progestin hormones. Advantages include no daily pill and suitability for estrogen-sensitive conditions. Disadvantages may include menstrual irregularities and delayed fertility return.

Question 17

What is an intrauterine device (IUD), and what are its characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages?

Answer 17

An intrauterine device (IUD) is a T-shaped device inserted into the uterus. It prevents pregnancy by interfering with implantation. Advantages include high effectiveness and privacy, while disadvantages may include expulsion and insertion discomfort.

Question 18

What is the approximate number of reported induced abortions in Canada in 2011, and which age group had the highest number of abortions?

Answer 18

In 2011, there were 92,524 reported induced abortions in Canada. The age group with the highest number of abortions was young women aged 20 to 24, with 24,302 abortions.

Question 19

hat factors can influence a woman’s decision to have an abortion, and what alternative option is mentioned for women who do not wish to have an abortion?

Answer 19

Factors influencing a woman’s decision to have an abortion can include her relationship with the baby’s father, her ability to provide for the child, and her existing life circumstances. Adoption is mentioned as an alternative option for women who do not wish to have an abortion.

Question 20

What is medical abortion, and what are the main drugs used in this method? What are some key characteristics and potential side effects of medical abortion?

Answer 20

Medical abortion involves the use of drugs (abortifacients) to terminate a pregnancy. It typically includes the use of methotrexate to stop embryo implantation, followed by misoprostol to induce uterine contractions. Medical abortion can be performed early in pregnancy, is non-surgical, but may cause cramping, bleeding, and, in some cases, may require a blood transfusion.

Question 21

Describe various abortion methods mentioned in the passage, including surgical methods and those used for late-pregnancy abortions.

Answer 21

Surgical abortion methods include suction curettage for first-trimester abortions, dilation and evacuation (D&E) for early second-trimester abortions, and prostaglandins, saline, urea solutions, and suction for late-second trimester abortions. Hysterotomy, involving surgical opening of the uterus, is used for late-pregnancy abortions.

Question 22

What does the passage mention about the psychological impact of abortion, and what factors can influence a woman’s psychological response to abortion?

Answer 22

The passage discusses the psychological impact of abortion, noting that research findings on this topic are mixed. It mentions that pre-existing mental health issues and external factors can influence a woman’s psychological response to abortion.

Question 23

What is the political and historical context of abortion in Canada? How did the Supreme Court of Canada rule on abortion laws in 1988, and what is mentioned about Bill C-43 in 1991?

Answer 23

Abortion is a highly controversial political and historical issue in Canada. In 1988, the Supreme Court of Canada declared Canada’s abortion law unconstitutional, stating that it violated the country’s Charter of Rights and Freedoms. In 1991, Bill C-43 was introduced in an attempt to recriminalize abortion, but it was defeated in the Senate.

Question 24

What is the focus of the abortion funding debate in Canada, and how does the federal government’s ruling in 1995 impact abortion funding?

Answer 24

The abortion funding debate in Canada revolves around who should fund abortion procedures. The federal government ruled in 1995 that if a province accepts abortion as a medically necessary service, it must cover the full cost of the procedure. Failure to do so could result in the province losing its federal transfer payments under the Canada Health Act.

Question 25

What is preconception care, and what is its primary goal?

Answer 25

Preconception care is the process of enhancing a woman’s health and well-being before conception to promote a healthy pregnancy and a healthy baby. Its primary goal is to address risk factors and ensure that women are in the best possible health before becoming pregnant.

Question 26

What are some of the factors that can impact preconception health?

Answer 26

Factors affecting preconception health include smoking, alcohol consumption, drug use, poor nutrition, underweight or overweight conditions, unrecognized infections or illnesses, and exposure to toxins at home or work.

Question 27

What are the key components of preconception care, and what does it involve in terms of risk assessment and health promotion?

Answer 27

Preconception care involves risk assessment, including evaluating medical, genetic, and lifestyle risks. It also includes health promotion, encouraging good nutrition and regular physical activity.

Question 28

How does preconception care address interventions for risk reduction?

Answer 28

Preconception care includes interventions to reduce risks. For example, if infections or other diseases are present, they should be treated promptly. Assistance is provided to women who need support in quitting smoking or drug use, as these behaviors can have adverse effects on pregnancy.

Question 29

What are some of the early physical changes that occur in a woman’s body during pregnancy?

Answer 29

Early changes in pregnancy include the enlargement of the uterus, softening and bluish appearance of the cervix, and breast changes due to hormonal influences. Growing uterine pressure on the bladder increases the frequency of urination.

Question 30

How is pregnancy divided in terms of trimesters, and how long does each trimester span?

Answer 30

Pregnancy is divided into trimesters, with each trimester spanning three months.

Question 31

What are some emotional aspects of pregnancy, and how can open communication between prospective parents be beneficial?

Answer 31

Emotional aspects of pregnancy include worry about the ability to care for a newborn. Open communication about feelings and fears can strengthen the bond between parents.

Question 32

What are some complications of pregnancy, and why is adequate weight gain during pregnancy important?

Answer 32

Complications of pregnancy can include ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, infections, premature labor, and inadequate weight gain. Adequate weight gain during pregnancy is important for the baby’s health

Question 33

Why is folic acid intake crucial during pregnancy, and when should women start consuming it?

Answer 33

Folic acid intake is crucial to reduce the risk of neural tube defects like spina bifida in the baby. Adequate folic acid consumption before pregnancy is essential, as waiting until pregnancy may be too late. Women capable of becoming pregnant are advised to consume 0.4 milligrams (400 micrograms) of folic acid daily.

Question 34

What are some birthing options available to parents today, and what factors should be considered when selecting a healthcare provider for childbirth?

Answer 34

Parents have various birthing options, including hospital births attended by a physician or midwife and home births. When choosing a healthcare provider for childbirth, factors to consider include their experience, commitment to prenatal care, philosophy on childbirth, and approach to medical interventions.

Question 35

What is psychoprophylaxis, and how does the Lamaze method prepare individuals for childbirth?

Answer 35

Psychoprophylaxis, often associated with the Lamaze method, focuses on controlled breathing techniques during contractions to prepare individuals for childbirth. This childbirth-preparation training can reduce complications and the need for medications, but pain relief options like painkillers or anesthesia are available if needed.

Question 36

What are the three stages of labor during childbirth, and what occurs during each stage?

Answer 36

The three stages of labor in childbirth are as follows:

The first stage involves effacement and dilation of the cervix, with contractions becoming progressively more intense and frequent.

The second stage begins when the cervix is fully dilated, and the baby moves into the birth canal. Contractions are strong, and the mother feels the urge to push.

The third stage occurs after the baby’s birth when the uterus contracts to expel the placenta.

Question 37

What is a Caesarean section (C-section), and what are some common reasons for performing a C-section during childbirth?

Answer 37

A Caesarean section (C-section) is a surgical procedure involving the removal of the baby through an incision in the abdomen and uterus. Common reasons for a C-section include failure to progress, fetal position issues, or signs of danger to the fetus or mother.

Question 38

How is infertility defined by the World Health Organization, and what are the main causes of infertility in couples?

Answer 38

The World Health Organization defines infertility as the failure to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse. The main causes of infertility include ovulation problems, tubal damage, sperm dysfunction, endometriosis, cervical factors, or coital difficulties.

Question 39

What are some common causes of female infertility, and why does a woman’s fertility decline significantly after the age of 30?

Answer 39

Common causes of female infertility include age, abnormal menstrual patterns, suppressed ovulation, and blocked fallopian tubes. A woman’s fertility declines significantly after the age of 30 due to a decrease in the quantity and quality of her eggs as she gets older.

Question 40

What are some common causes of male infertility, and what issues may lead to male infertility, such as ejaculation problems or retrograde ejaculation?

Answer 40

Common causes of male infertility are often linked to issues with sperm quantity or quality, hormonal problems, or blockages in sperm ducts. Some men may experience ejaculation problems or retrograde ejaculation, where semen is directed into the bladder instead of being expelled from the body.

Question 41

What is assisted reproductive technology (ART), and what are some of the techniques and technologies included in ART?

Answer 41

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) includes various techniques and technologies to assist with conception, such as microsurgery, hormonal treatments, and in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Question 42

What is surrogacy, and how do surrogacy arrangements work? How does legislation regarding surrogacy vary in Canada?

Answer 42

Surrogacy involves a woman bearing a child on behalf of another person or couple. Surrogacy arrangements can be genetic (using the surrogate’s egg) or gestational (using an embryo created from the commissioning couple’s gametes). Legislation regarding surrogacy varies by province in Canada, with some provinces allowing intended parents to be listed on the birth certificate.

Question 43

What are the adoption options available in Canada, and what are some of the challenges associated with intercountry adoption?

Answer 43

Adoption is an alternative to childbirth in Canada, with options for domestic adoption through private agencies or international adoption. Intercountry adoption involves adopting a child from another country, following the laws of both the sending and receiving countries. Challenges in international adoption include potential health issues and the cost of the process. In Canada, older, non-white, and special-needs children are often available for adoption, and applicants go through a rigorous screening process.