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Year 2 NSF > BIRDS - GI system etc > Flashcards

BIRDS - GI system etc Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the beak

A

• Upper (maxillary) beak – Rhinotheca
• Lower (mandibular) beak – Gnathotheca
3. Beak has a blood and nerve supply so beak injuries often need vet treatment

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2
Q

Types of anatomical abnormalities in beak and why?

A
  1. Upper beak is continually growing in most species which can lead to overgrowths
    o Scissor beak – upper and lower portions of beak do not line up
    o Parrot beak – mandible longer than maxilla so lower beak sits on out of upper beak. Upper sits on inside of upper
    o Simple overgrowth – abnormally long, usually upper beak
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3
Q

Beak accessory features

A

•Cere – waxy structure at base of beak (top)
o Raptors, parrots, owls
o Houses nares in most species that possess them (in owls the NOSTRILS are distal to the cere so on front rather than back)
o Can be used for sexing in some species (budgies blue male, female tan/ yellow)

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4
Q

Oropharynx

A
  1. Tongue - varies greatly between species
  2. Glottis - easily identifiable, making incubation
  3. Oesophagus - RHS of BIRD, lateral to glottis
  4. Choanae - opening on “roof” of oral cavity
    5.
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5
Q

What are choanal papillae

A

Shap papillae that line the choanal slit. Become blunted/ change shape with disease

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6
Q

Broad GI variation

A
  1. variation in diets = variation in GI
  2. Seed eaters
    - Well developed crop, proventriculus and gizzard. Long intestine. Distinct caeca (fermentation chamber).
  3. Fruit eaters
    - Shorter intestine. Caeca less distinct.
  4. Meat/ fish eaters
    - Caeca and gizzard rudimentary. Well-developed pancreas and proventriculus.
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7
Q

Crop

A

o Muscular sac like structure in proximal oesophagus
o Not present in all birds – acts as temporary food ‘store’ prior to digestion
o In pigeons – double sac – produces ‘crop milk’ – fat filled epithelial cells sloughed off and regurgitated to feed young, influenced by prolactin
o Varies in size, highly elastic

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8
Q

Crop problems

A
  1. sour crop is a yeast infection that leads to thickened crop and disruption of normal bacteria population within crop
  2. crop impaction = failure of food to leave crop and enter proventriculus. Happens regularly if eaten stringy indigestible grass OR motility disorder. Easy to operate on
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9
Q

Proventriculus

A
  1. Glandular stomach
  2. Secretion of digestive enzymes
  3. Large in meat and fish eaters, smaller in seed
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10
Q

VEntriculus

A

Also known as gizzard
o Muscular stomach
o Reduced size in birds which feed on predominantly liquid diet (nectar) or those who eat whole prey (raptors)
o Sometimes contains particles of ingested grit to aid grinding

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11
Q

Yeast infections

A

o Most commonly in birds with weakened immune systems

o Excessive yeast colonisation disrupting normal bacterial populations and leading to number of GI effects

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12
Q

Small Intestine

What type of eater are chickens

A

Chickens are omnivores = highly coiled

  1. Duodenal loop with pancreas located in middle
  2. Jejunum - difficult to distinguish from ileum
  3. Vitteline/Mekels diverticulum
    • Considered to be the junction between jejunum and ileum, in egg where remnant of yolk sac attached to gut. Bit like belly button so can be large or small
    • Remnant of yolk sac attachment
  4. Ileum
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13
Q

Large Intestine

A
  1. Relatively short
  2. Main function - reabsorption of water adn electrolytes
  3. Ceca
  4. Cloaca
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14
Q

Caeca

A

o Outpouchings of large intestine – histologically similar to large and small intestine
o Size varies between species
- Really large in galliforms
- Small in paseriformes (perching birds)
o Large and well developed in galliformes
o Small in Passeriformes (lymphoid ceca)

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15
Q

Cloaca

A

terminal portion of reproductive tract, urinary tract and gastrointestinal tract, provides outlet for repro tract, urinary and GI tract.
Instead of rectum. Cloaca is what houses all these outlets. Each region has a skin fold so products don’t really mix

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16
Q

wHAT DOES THE cLOACA RECEIVE?

A

o Waste from GI and renal system

o Products of reproductive tract

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17
Q

NAme the regions of the cloaca?

A

CUP
o Coprodeum
o Urodeum
o Proctodeum

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18
Q

Talk about the regions of the cloaca:

A

o Coprodeum –attached to LI receives faeces and digestive waste from intestine. Separated from other chambers by coprodeal fold
o Urodeum – some material goes retrograde! E.g. XS fluid, retrograde movement back into coprodeum, back into intestine for further water absorption. Receives ureters and products of reproductive tract
o Proctodeum – last cavity before vent to outside world. Gives rise to Bursa of Fabricus on dorsal midline
- Not much function other than housing BoF, part of gut associated lymphoid tissue

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19
Q

Name of external opening

A

VENT

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20
Q

Chicken Accessory ORGANS

A
  1. Liver

2. Pancreas

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21
Q

Liver

A

o Bilobed (right larger than left)
o Located caudal to heart (remember no diaphragm) and close to proventriculus and spleen
o Gall bladder present

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22
Q

Pancreas

A

o Usually located within duodenal loop
o Secretes number of enzymes involved in digestive processes
o Exocrine: amylases, proteases, lipases
o Endocrine: insulin, glucagons, somatostatin

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23
Q

What are the 5 functional regions of the female reproductive tract? (oviduct)

A
  1. Ovary
  2. Infundibulum
  3. Magnum
  4. Isthmus
  5. Uterus (shell gland)
  6. Vagina
  7. Cloaca
24
Q

Interesting facts about the ovary adn oviduct

A
  • Right ovary and oviduct regress (except in some raptor species – and kiwis!)
  • Only left ovary and oviduct fully developed and functional
  • Ovary located cranial to kidney, tightly attached to dorsal body wall and adhered to caudal vena cava
25
Q

How many hours between eggs and ovulations in chickens

A

next follicle ovulated about 30mins after laying) = egg about every 26 hrs

26
Q

How long does the egg spend in each of the oviducts regions?

A
  1. Infundibulum - 15-17 mins
  2. Magnum - 180 mins
  3. Isthmus - 75 mins
  4. Uterus/ shell gland - 20 hrs
  5. Vagina - minutes
27
Q

What processes occur at the infundibulum?

A
  1. Receives ovulated follicle
  2. Fertilisation takes place in this region – fertilised gamete lies on surface of yolk.
  3. Site of formation of chalazae (albuminous cords which hold yolk in place) (white gelatinous chord you see when crack egg)
28
Q

What processes occur at the Magnum

A

Egg white (albumin) develops around follicle/yolk

29
Q

What processes occur at the Isthmus

A

 Egg white (albumin) develops around follicle/yolk

30
Q

What processes occur at the Uterus

A
  1. Calcification of the shell
31
Q

What processes occur at the Vagina

A

 Adds egg cuticle

 Also, site of sperm storage – sperm storage tubules

32
Q

How many chambers in the heart?

A

4 chambers:

2 atria, 2 ventricles

33
Q

What is interesting about the birds CV system

A
  1. RBC are nucleated!
  2. They have a higher cardiac output and cardiac size VS mammals of similar body mass.
  3. Heart size inversely proportional to body mass
  4. Higher blood pressure than mammals of comparable size - 180/140mmHg
  5. HAve a renal drainage system
34
Q

Why do they have a higher cardiac output and cardiac size VS mammals of similar body mass

A
  1. High metabolic demadn for flight

2. hummindbird biggest heart size vs body

35
Q

Which bones in birds are pneumatic bones?

A

• Skull, humerus, clavicle, keel, pelvic girdle, lumbar and sacral vertebrae (not found in all birds and varied with species!)

36
Q

Ear

A

• As in mammals, comprises outer, middle and inner parts
• No external pinna, outer ear is protected by auricular feathers in most species.
o These also act to funnel sound towards ear.
• The outer ear can be visualised as a ‘hole’ if auricular feathers are minimal

37
Q

Name of ring that

A
  1. Sclerotic ring- circle of bony plates which surrounds the globe, giving it structure
38
Q

Eye

A
  1. Sight is the most important and highly developed sense in the bird
  2. Some have the ability to recognise UV/polarised light
  3. Important in communication/behaviour/hunting
  4. Globes are LARGE relative to skull - greater than /50%
  5. 3rd eyelid for blinking
  6. Like mammals has anterior and posterior chamber
39
Q

Differences in eye of birds vs other mammals

A

o Cornea thinner and lens softer
o Retina thick and avascular
o No meibomium gland – harderian and lacrimal glands main source of tear production
o Shape of eyeball determined by lifestyle and need for visual acuity

40
Q

Respiratory system

A
  1. NO DIAPHRAGM
  2. System of air sacs as well as lungs
  3. Lungs FIXED in size
41
Q

If lungs are fixed in size how do they get air in?

A

o Thoracic and abdominal muscle expand thoracic cavity and allow air to be pulled into air sacs and lungs!

42
Q

What structure allows for the range of vocals? Location.

What is it composed of?

A

SYRINX

  • base of trachea
  • Last few tracheal rings
  • first few left and right bronchial rings
  • Central “tympanic membrane
43
Q

What type of breather are birds

A
  1. Nasal breathers

2. at rest the glottis fits neatly into the choanal slit, creating a closed passage from nostrils to trachea.

44
Q

Trachea to end

A
  1. Trachea bifurcates to primary bronchi
  2. which further divide to secondary bronchi
  3. then divide to parabronchi
  4. which open into atria , contain air capillaries and where gaseous exchange occurs
45
Q

Bird air sacs

A

Most birds have 9 air sacs:
o ONE interclavicular air sac (between clavicles)
o TWO cervical air sacs (one on either side)
o TWO anterior thoracic air sacs
o TWO posterior thoracic air sacs
o TWO abdominal air sacs (at back)

46
Q

What is important to remember about the air sacs

A

Act as ‘bellows’ to push air through lungs, one direction only
o NO gas exchange in air sacs, just push air through (poorly supplied with blood!)

47
Q

Lungs

A

NO ALVEOLI
o Site for gas exchange
o Parabronchial (rather than alveolar) lungs have things called atria like alveoli
o System of narrow tubes which allow air flow in one direction only
o Surrounded by capillaries – site of gas exchange

48
Q

Describe inspiration

A

o Air flows down trachea, along bronchi, then into posterior air sacs (posterior thoracic/abdominal)
o Simultaneously air moves from lung parabronchi into anterior air sacs (anterior thoracic/interclavicular/cervical)

49
Q

During expiration:

A

o Sternum moves backwards and upwards. Vertebral ribs move causallt to retract sternal ribs, reduce volume of thoracoabdominal cavity
o Air flows from posterior air sacs through parabronchi
o Air from anterior air sacs expelled through trachea

50
Q

How air moves through the air sacs:

A

1 - interclavicular air sac
2 - cranial thoracic air sac
3 - caudal thoracic air sac
4 - abdominal air sac

51
Q

Describe air sacs

A
  • Air sacs are muco-serous extensions of the secondary bronchi
  • Some extend into hollow pneumatic bones
  • Thin walled, with poor blood supply
  • Susceptible to bacterial/fungal infection
  • Air sacculitis: inflammation of the air sacs secondary to bacterial infection
  • Trauma can result in development of sub-cutaneous emphysema (feels like bubble wrap!)
52
Q

Interesting about bird lymphatic system

A
  1. NO LYMPH NODES!

2.

53
Q

Where are immune cells produced if no lymph nodes?

A

embryonic liver, yolk sac and bone marrow (primary lymphatic organ)

54
Q

Where do immune cells mature in birds?

A
  1. Primary Lymphatic Organs
55
Q

Where to B adn T cells produced?

A
  1. B cells produced in the BURSA OF FABRICUS in Proctodeum last bit of cloaca
  2. T cells produced in Thymus
56
Q

Secondary Lymphatic tissue:

A
  1. Gut-associated lymphatic tissues = Caecal, tonsils etc
  2. Respiratory associated lymphatic tissues
  3. Conjunctiva associated lymphatic tissues
  4. Spleen
  5. Harderian gland - located close to eye

Year 2 NSF (10 decks)

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